Greek Civ Versus Roman Civ Essays - Cultural Anthropology

Greek Civ versus Roman Civ The present society where we live in has put together itself with respect to the past accomplishments and disappointments of past developments which rose and fell with the hands of time. All of those civic establishments made certain commitments to history just as creating human learnedness so as to improve its odds of turning into the preeminent leader of our planet's assets. In the event that we think back in history right now we can say that each and every incident, fiasco, achievement, war, or even a discussion has prompted the progression of our cutting edge society. There are numerous civic establishments that have made significant commitments to the structure of our advanced society. From Babylon's Hammurabi and his laws, to the incredibly scientifical Egyptians, and the splendid warlike Persians. However they all appear not as critical as the two most recollected old human advancements being the Greeks and the Romans. Both of these vanquished enormous territories so as to upgrade their exchange courses and in the process overcoming the greater part of the known world. Thoughts had been presented during the hours of these two which are likewise especially consolidated into the manner by which we live our regular day to day existences in our cutting edge period. Since Rome was the greatest realm ever, going on for a very long time, it has consistently been professed to be the best supporter of humanities common progressions. Rome has been credited for being the world's sans first market domain. It likewise was the main domain to rehearse tact through contribution nations its Pax Romana (insurance as long as the nation pays expenses to Rome). (Internet1) Rome's commanders and rulers were among chronicles best both in its magnificent time also its republican time. Among Rome's greatest and most shocking viewpoints was the unfathomably exclusive expectation of living in which it kept up. Heated water channeling, lovely engineering and astounding expressways were among its numerous marvels. Compositional ponders, for example, the bazaar Maximus are as yet accessible to be seen today. The Roman's were likewise incredible simpletons, who managed preeminent in the craft of talk. Extraordinary writers, rationalists and political experts, for example, Cicero added their weight to the significance of the Roman time. However all a large portion of the above commitments have had a base before Rome and all Rome did was enhance Hellenised thoughts. (Kagan) Hellenisation was the spread of Greek thoughts consolidated into the every day lives of individuals under either the standard of the Greeks or affected by them. Despite the fact that Greece was administering incomparable in any event 500 years before Rome had even a character, their way of thinking, military procedures, legislative issues just as writing is still especially fused into for all intents and purposes each propelled human progress since their time; our own particularly included. The old style time of Greece was a time of unmatched accomplishment. It conveyed forward the custom of sane, common theory in characteristic way of thinking and science, however turned its consideration more to human inquiries in medication and moral and political way of thinking. While the remainder of the world kept on being portrayed by monarchial, progressive, order social orders, in Athens majority rules system was conveyed the extent that it would go before present day times. Majority rules system vanished with the finish of Greek self-rule in the late fourth century B.C. At the point when it returned in the advanced world over two centuries later, it was more extensive yet shallower. (Internet2) It was in this fair framework that the best aesthetic, scholarly and philosophical accomplishments occurred. A naturalistic type of craftsmanship occurred advanced that put individuals as they would preferably resemble. This methodology in workmanship was passed down to the Romans and vanished to rise firmly in the renaissance time. (Ozment) The victories of Alexander and the Hellenistic human progress that accompanied them significantly influenced the recently vanquished social orders and their neighbors. The Seleucid replacements of Alexander governed a few pieces of the Old Persian Empire for very nearly two centuries after his passing, and Hellenistic culture kept on affecting the urban high societies for quite a while. (Kagan) Every one of these advancements have prompted the improvement of the following extraordinary domain, Rome. The hoplite Phalanx, the Greeks battling system was embraced and later improved by the Romans, to frame the most invulnerable armed force of their time. These improvements veer pointedly from the experience

Coke and Pepsi Free Essays

Coke and Pepsi in the Twenty-First Century: Threat of Entry:low 1. Economies of scale †High creation volume however merit not satisfactory (first section on page 2) 2. Item separation †Brand ID (high publicizing cost, Exhibit 2) 3. We will compose a custom paper test on Coke and Pepsi or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Capital prerequisites †CPs: minimal capital venture (first section on page 2) †Bottlers: capital concentrated (second passage on page 3) 4. Cost detriments autonomous of size †No 5. Access to appropriation channels †Food stores (35%): extraordinary rack space pressure (second section on page 4) †Fountain (23%): CPs commanded first evolved way of life (first passage on page 5) 6. Government strategy (N/A) Threat to section is low since Coca-Cola Company, PepsiCo, and Cadbury Schweppes control 90. 1% of the piece of the pie; 44. 1%, 31. 4%, and 14. 7% individually. In spite of the fact that the development pace of CSD utilizations have been consistent at 3% per year, the capital necessity to enter the market is excessively incredible of an obstruction. So as to support the whole US, a firm would require $25-50 million to construct a plant for concentrate makers, $6 billion ($75 million * 80 plants) to build up bottlers, cost related to give and keep up motivators to retailers, and the best expense to commercials. In this way, firms are hindered from entering the CSD showcase because of economies of scale couple with brand picture that the firm should confront. All together give item separation, the entering firm would need to contribute vigorously to build up a brand picture for CSD beside the three market pioneers. Access to conveyance diverts is extreme in CSD industry as bottlers are battling for rack spaces in supermarkets. Likewise, PepsiCo is in the café business of possessing Taco Bell, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Pizza Hut by closing down any open doors for other CSD firms to sell wellspring drinks in those eateries. Other CSD firms like Coca-Cola has build up a relationship with residual market pioneers of eatery for their wellspring dispersion (I. e. , McDonalds and Burger King). Furthermore, â€Å"Soft Drink Interbrand Competition Act† in 1980 jelly the privileges of Concentrate Producers to give selective regions. In this way, it is sheltered to expect that there are very few rivals in the market competing for another region since the current Concentrate Producers would have driven off rivalry bankrupt through their privileges of select regions. Cost disservices autonomous of size is high as improvement brand picture will require high interests in notice and to build up another separating obtained taste for CSD customers. Substitutes:low (Non-cola refreshment? ) Substitutes of CSD’s incorporate water, juice, milk, and various sorts of liquor. Be that as it may, driving CSD’s have branch out their items to water and squeeze to catch the pieces of the pie of CSD’s substitutes. Other driving substitutes to CSD’s are milk, espresso, and liquor drinks. These substitutes are commonly unique supplement drinks than the CSD’s. Espresso and liquor refreshments are outfitted towards grown-ups just and milk is gear towards breakfast dinner utilizations with grain. Supplements: Complements to CSD’s are food. CSD firms have made associations with retailers of food (I. e. , supermarkets, service stations). Moreover, firms have made associations with eateries to supplement their items with food. Since food is something that everybody expends a few times each day, CSD organizations have an incredible chance to expand their essence in various conveyance techniques. Buyers:low 1. huge volume? A few purchasers may purchase in huge volume yet not found for the situation 2. standard or undifferentiated? No 3. NA for this case 4. low benefits? †Food stores: No, normal (fifth section on page 4) †Fountains: very beneficial, 80 pennies out of one dollar (first passage on page 5) 5. irrelevant? No 6. doesn't set aside buyers’ cash? (N/A) 7. sound danger? No Buyer bunches are not amazing against CPs and bottlers. In this manner, there is no noteworthy dealing power from purchaser side in CSD industry. This circumstance adds to keep up high benefit of CPs and bottlers. (Reasons) 1. Since there are different retail channels, CPs and bottlers don't confront the single retailer with power which buys in huge volume. 2. All in all, selling CSDs returns high benefit for retailers. (15-20% gross edge for food store, 80 pennies out of one dollar for wellspring. ) That reality forestalls purchasers to be value touchy. 3. In wellspring business, CPs and bottlers kept wellspring deals gainful and prevailing to abstain from cutting value pressure from retailers by paying discount and contributing eatery retailers. 4. In food store, CSD spoke to a huge level of its business (representing 3%-4% of food store business). To attract clients to store, it ought to be fundamental for food store to convey the most selling brand in CSD, Coke and Pepsi. This structure debilitates food store’s haggling power. 5. Candy machine is productive retail channel for keeping cost since bottlers can straightforwardly control. It likewise works in the nation where Coke and Pepsi don't have dispersion channel(ex. Japan). 6. Coke and Pepsi have just settled solid brand recognizable proof. Some markdown retailers have private name CSD yet they can not replace Coke and Pepsi. Inward Rivalry: high 1. various? generally equivalent? †various: No, oligopoly †generally equivalent: Yes †cost increment, oligopoly (fourth passage on page 11) 2. Industry development †level (Exhibit 3) 3. needs separation? †attempt to separate by promoting (fifth section on page11) 4. High fixed expenses? 5. Limit increases? Limit itself not obviously referenced for the situation however; mid 1990s: Yes? acquired abundance flexibly? (first passage on page 11, Exhibit 1) late 1990s: 6. High leave obstruction? †Yes? capital serious? 7. rivals differing in techniques? †No? Coca-Cola and Pepsi’s history of serious competition has brought about the execution of countless procedures intended to pick up piece of the pie and brand acknowledgment. As the business develops and Coca-Cola and Pepsi gain from past methodologies, expanded productivity intensely depends on their capacity to reduce expenses, gain wellspring contracts, universally extend item blend, and vertically coordinate bottler dissemination channels. Conventional key activities, for example, new item advancement, promoting, value decrease, and item separation will create negligible outcomes considering Coca-cola and Pepsi are comparative in size and force. Coca Cola and Pepsi’s capacity to rapidly react to contender methodologies for the most part lead to industry wars where neither one of the firms is in an ideal situation then when they began. While it is imperative to persistently keep up brand mindfulness and seek after different market patterns, enormous gains in gainfulness will result from techniques that make a manageable upper hand. It is increasingly favorable for Coca-Cola and Pepsi to put resources into systems that expansion the business request versus momentary benefit. Such procedures incorporate however are not constrained to, entering creating nations, key acquisitions of developing organizations (I. Yippee, Diageo, Arista Records, or Starbucks), and expanded endeavors to vertically coordinate bottler dispersion channels. Key acquisitions are significant in that they can give the methods wherein each organization can reclassify their image name as increasingly then a â€Å"cola†. Effective models are Sony , Disney, and GE. Suppliers:low 1. commanded? Metal jars: abundance flexibly (first section on page 6) 2. interesting? not remarkable 3. obliged to battle? (N/A) 4. tenable dangers? No 5. significant client? Metal can: biggest client (first passage on page 6) Step by step instructions to refer to Coke and Pepsi, Essay models

10 Benefits of Fasting That Will Surprise You

10 Benefits of Fasting That Will Surprise You Fasting is not a new thing. For centuries, the practice has played a central role in several religions and cultures.The month of Ramadan is known all over the world as a month of fasting for Muslims. Catholics fast on Good Friday and Ash Wednesday. Jews observe six days of fasting, the most known of which is Yom Kippur.Hindus observe a fast during the new moon and during festivals such as Puja, Saraswati and Shivarati. The Mormons observe a fast on the first Sunday of each month.Several other religions, including Buddhism, Taoism and Jainism have their own fasting practices.Many of these religions practice fasting because they believe that there is a connection between the physical and the spiritual state.In the last few decades, there has been an upsurge in the popularity of fasting.However, many of those who are adopting this age-old practice today are not doing so for religious reasons.They are doing it for health reasons.While people used to fast for spiritual reasons in the past , scientists and researchers have confirmed that fasting also provides numerous health benefits.Below are 10 benefits of fasting that will surprise you and hopefully give you the motivation you need to get started with the practice. FASTING HELPS YOU LOSE WEIGHTFor those looking to lose some weight, fasting is one of the quickest and safest ways to get you there.Normally, when you eat, your body burns the food you ate to provide fuel for your body.Any extra food that does not get used up as fuel is converted into fats and stored within the body for future use.This is what leads to weight gain.When you start fasting, there is less food to convert into energy, therefore your body is forced to start converting the stored fats into energy.This occurs through a process known as lipolysis.One of the greatest advantages of fasting as a means of losing weight is that it is more effective in burning through fat cells compared to regular dieting.Fasting also burns through fat cells without af fecting your muscle tissue, which is why many athletes use fasting as a means of achieving low body fat percentages prior to competitions.In addition, fasting is incorporated as a lifestyle change, which makes it more sustainable and more effective compared to many ‘crash diet weight loss solutions’.Actually, several studies have found fasting to be one of the most effective and most reliable long term solutions for weight loss and weight maintenance.FASTING PROMOTES LONGEVITYThis might seem a little bit farfetched, but various studies have shown that fasting can actually help you live longer.There are a number of reasons why fasting can help you live a longer life. The first one has to do with metabolism.As you grow older, your body’s metabolism starts slowing down, which leads to the gradual loss of muscle tissue through a process known as sarcopenia.Fortunately, fasting helps to speed up your metabolism, preventing these degeneration and loss of muscle tissue.Secondly, as y ou grow older, your cells also grow older and their performance decreases. There is an accumulation of old cellular material within the cell.The decreased performance of old cells and the accumulation of old cellular material within the cell is what leads to aging.The deprivation of nutrients that occurs during fasting activates a process known as autophagy.This is the process through which the old cellular material within the cells are identified and broken down.Autophagy also allows the cell to recycle itself and rejuvenates the mitochondria, allowing the cells to perform optimally once again.This helps slow down aging.In addition, fasting also stimulates the release of growth hormone, leading to increased bone strength, better protein synthesis and increased muscle mass.All these effects slow down the process of aging, both internally and in your physical appearance.Research conducted by the University of Chicago has shown that fasting also prevents the early development of disor ders that commonly lead to death.According to Mark Mattson, the head of the neuroscience lab at the National Institute on Aging, cellular regeneration occurs during fasting since the body treats fasting as a constant threat.In preparation for dealing with this threat, the body triggers powerful cellular defenses to protect the cells against molecular damage and also triggers the repair of damaged tissues, leading to a slower rate of aging.Several animal studies have been conducted to test the life-span extending benefits of fasting.In one study, a group of male Wistar rats were fed every day, while another group was fed every other day from weaning till death.The group that fasted (fed every other day) aged much slower and had an 83% longer life span compared to the group that was fed daily.Other studies conducted by researchers from Kyoto University and Kyushu University, as well other independent researchers have also reported that fasting has an effect on increased longevity.It i s good to note, however, that the effects of fasting on longevity have not been tested on humans, though it is believed that the effects still hold true for humans as well.PROMOTES DETOXIFICATIONAnother impressive benefit of fasting is that it promotes detoxification of the body.Many of the processed foods we eat today contain lots of additives, some of which are toxic to our bodies.As the food is digested and absorbed into the body, these toxins are also absorbed into the body and stored in fat deposits around the body.During fasting, your brain treats the nutritional deprivation as a threat and reacts by activating adaptive stress responses to help it deal with the threat.The brain also starts contemplating how it will provide the body with energy in the absence of food.To ensure that metabolism keeps running, the brain triggers the conversion of glycogen stored within the liver into energy.However, glycogen is not a very great source of energy, and after about 12 hours, the glyco gen deposits gets depleted.At this point, the body must find an alternative source of energy, and it therefore turns to the fat stored within various parts of the body.As the fat deposits are burnt to provide energy, the toxins stored within the fats are released.These toxins are then removed from the body with the help of the liver, kidneys and other organs, leaving your body free of accumulated toxins.SPEEDS UP METABOLISMFasting also helps boost your metabolism.A weak digestive system normally affects your ability to metabolize food and burn fat.By fasting intermittently, you provide time for your digestive system to get some rest.When you eat next after your digestive system has rested, your metabolism receives a boost, which means that your body burns calories more efficiently and gets more energy from the food you eat.This is one of the reasons why fasting also contributes to safe weight loss.A study conducted by researchers from the Department of Internal Medicine IV at the Un iversity of Vienna found that fasting can increase your metabolism by up to 14%.Another study also found that fasting may lead to increased levels of neurotransmitter norepinephrine in your bloodstream, which also contributes to increased metabolism.Intermittent fasting has also been shown to encourage healthy bowel function.BOOSTS YOUR BRAIN FUNCTIONNot only is fasting great for your body, turns out it is good for your brain too! Fasting improves your brain function in a number of ways.First, fasting boosts the production of a brain hormone known as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Release of BDNF activates stem cells within the brain and converts them into neurons.BDNF also triggers the release of several other chemicals that are good for your brain’s health.Increased production of BDNF has been shown to protect the brain cells from the degenerative changes that are associated with conditions such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s, while low levels of BDNF have been associated with depression and several other brain problems.Apart from the production of BDNF, fasting also improves brain function by reducing over-activity in the brain.Sometimes, depending on the type of food you have eaten, the energy from the food can result in your brain going into a bit of an overdrive.In this state, there is too much firing off in the brain, which is not generally a good thing.It also makes it hard for your brain to focus properly.When you fast, your brain goes into survival mode, leading to increased ability to focus on the tasks at hand.Fasting has also been associated with a reduction in oxidative stress, reduced insulin resistance and blood sugar levels, as well as reduced inflammation, all of which are good for the health of the brain.Several studies have been conducted to show the impact of fasting on brain function and health.A 2015 study conducted on both humans and animals and tabled at that year’s Society for Neuroscience meeting demonstrat ed that intermittent fasting enhances memory performance, aids in the recovery following brain injury or stroke, and promotes the growth of neurons.The study also found evidence that fasting may improve both cognitive function and quality of life for people living with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.Another study on rats found that fasting may enhance the growth of new nerve cells, while yet another animal study found that fasting may help protect the brain against damage due to strokes.Several other studies have had similar findings.IMPROVES YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEMEver noticed that when animals fall sick, they stop eating? Have you ever wondered why this happens?That’s a natural instinct through which the animals try to reduce the stress on their internal systems and focus their energy on battling the infection.Therefore, next time you fall sick, resist the temptation to look for food and focus on fasting instead.Fasting does a number of thi ngs to your immune system.Remember, we mentioned that fasting triggers the regeneration of old cells within the body.This includes cells that are part of your immune system.This rejuvenation of the cells leads to improved immune function.According to one study, a three day fast can lead to the regeneration of the entire immune system and the production of totally brand new white blood cells which have a stronger ability to fight disease.As we saw earlier, fasting also triggers the burning of fats and the release of toxins from the body, which can also enhance the body’s ability to fight diseases.Breaking the fast with fruits can boost your immune system even further by providing your body with a source of essential vitamins and minerals, especially Vitamins A and E which are great antioxidants.Fasting also prevents the formation of cancer cells, regulates the likelihood of inflammation and helps reduce the occurrence of free radicals in the body, which cause damage to the cells, D NA and the body’s proteins, thus contributing to disease.FASTING REJUVENATES THE SKIN AND PREVENTS ACNEIf you have been trying cream after cream trying to make your skin look better, you might be surprised to learn that you can achieve the look you want through fasting.How does this happen? Fasting has a number of effects that help improve your skin.First and foremost, fasting gives the body a break from digestion, allowing the body to expend more energy on regulating and improving the function of others organs such as the liver, the kidneys, and the skin.Fasting also helps the body to get rid of toxins that might be contributing to skin conditions.We have also seen that fasting contributes to autophagy.This happens to all the cells in the body, including those on your skin.When you fast, your body regenerates the cells that make up your skin and cleans old cell material from existing cells, thus contributing to a better look.This regeneration can even contribute to faster healing of scars.Remember, we also saw that fasting helps reduce inflammation, which is one of the culprits behind some skin conditions like acne. In addition to improving how your skin looks, fasting also contributes to healthy and strong hair and nails and whitens your eyes.All in all, fasting not only improves how you feel, it also improves how you look.IMPROVES INSULIN SENSITIVITYIn the last few decades, Type 2 diabetes has become increasingly common.This conditions is characterized by reduced insulin sensitivity, which leads to increased levels of sugar in the bloodstream. Normally, when you eat, the food leads to a spike in the levels of sugar in your blood.In response, the pancreas produces insulin, which triggers the absorption of glucose (blood sugar) from the blood by fat and muscle cells, which then use this glucose for energy. In so doing, insulin helps reduce blood sugar levels to the normal range.In some cases, however, the body’s sensitivity to insulin may reduce, which me ans that the body needs more and more insulin to help regulate blood sugar levels.The cells of the pancreas that are responsible for insulin production become overworked and start wearing out.Eventually, it becomes impossible for the body to produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels, leading to increased blood sugar levels and the eventual development of Type 2 diabetes.Fortunately, people with insulin resistance can increase their sensitivity to insulin through intermittent fasting.When you fast, the body uses up the glucose in the blood and the liver since it has no other source of energy, thus helping to lower your blood sugar levels.In addition, insulin becomes more effective at triggering the absorption of glucose by the fat and muscle cells after you break your fast, since some of the excess glucose stored in your body has already been used up.At this point, your body does not need as much insulin to absorb glucose from the blood, therefore your pancreas sto ps producing a lot of insulin, which in turn leads to lower levels of insulin in the bloodstream.All these contribute to a lower risk of developing Type 2 diabetes and better overall health.Various studies have been carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of fasting on insulin sensitivity.One study carried out by researchers from the University of Illinois in Chicago found that fasting reduces insulin levels by 20-31% while reducing blood sugar levels by 3-6%.Another study conducted on diabetic rats found that fasting can help prevent kidney damage resulting from diabetes.What all this means is that fasting can be very beneficial for people who are at risk of developing type 2 diabetes.FASTING MAY HELP PREVENT CANCERThis may sound too good to be true, but fasting can actually help reduce the growth of tumors and the spread of cancer through the body.Cancer is a disease that is characterized by the uncontrolled cellular growth.Researchers have found out that some of the benefici al effects of fasting on metabolism can help bring down the risk of developing cancer.We also saw earlier that fasting helps the body eliminate some toxins from the cells.The absence of toxic substances within the cells reduces the risk of formation of cancer within the cells.Fasting can also be quite helpful for people undergoing chemotherapy. It can help to suppress many of the negative side effects associated with chemotherapy.Since fasting also helps boost your immune system, it can help battle against some of these side effects.A study carried out by researchers the University of Southern California found evidence suggesting that fasting is beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.Several other tests have also found out that fasting is good for preventing or fighting against cancer.One study conducted on rats by a Brazilian university found that intermittent fasting can help prevent the formation of tumors.Another study conducted on cancer cells inside a test tube showed that exposing the cells to intermittent fasting delayed the formation of tumors the same way chemotherapy did.It also increased the effectiveness of chemotherapy drugs in preventing the formation of cancer.FASTING IS GOOD FOR YOUR HEARTAt a time when more people are dying from heart diseases than from any other disease, it is great to know that you can reduce the risk of developing heart diseases through fasting. Fasting has a number of benefits for your heart.First, we already saw that fasting can help lower the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.This is important because people suffering from diabetes have an increased risk of suffering from cardiovascular diseases.During fasting, the body also burns up some of the LSD cholesterol in the body to provide fuel.This is good on two fronts because LSD cholesterol is a major contributor to decreased insulin sensitivity and diabetes, and because it also contributes to increase in blood pressure, both of which are risk factors for develo ping heart disease.Fasting also helps reduce several other risk factors associated with an increased risk of developing heart diseases, including blood sugar levels, inflammatory markers and blood triglycerides.One study conducted by researchers from the University of Illinois found that alternate day fasting for a period of about 8 weeks reduced levels of triglycerides in the body by 32% and reduced the level of LDL cholesterol by 25%.Another study also found that fasting leads to reduced blood pressure and reduced levels of triglycerides and cholesterol in the body.Yet another study found that fasting leads to reduced risk of developing coronary artery disease.All these show that fasting is good for your cardiovascular health.WRAPPING UPWhether you are a religious person or not, incorporating fasting into your daily routine can be a great way for your to give your health a boost.As you have seen above, the benefits of fasting for your health are numerous.Like any other major lifes tyle change, getting started with fasting might be a bit hard as you get started, but it will become easier on your body with time.If you want to reap all the benefits discussed above, you should consider getting started with fasting today.The earlier you get started, the earlier you can start reaping the benefits.

Regret by Kate Chopin Essay - 650 Words

Regret by Kate Chopin In the short story Regret by Kate Chopin a woman called Mamzelle Aurà ©lie has to keep a neighbours four children for two weeks. Mamzelle Aurà ©lie is an old and lonely woman. She has never had a man and lives alone on her farm with some animals and Negroes working for her. Because of a dangerous illness of her mother, the young neighbour has to leave and couldnt take care of her children anymore. This is why Mamzelle Aurà ©lie, who has never ever has children before, has to keep them. At the beginning she has great problems with managing those children. But after she a short period of time she starts realizing that humans need more than just food and a place to sleep at. She really starts to develop a†¦show more content†¦One example for this is that the action takes places within a short period of time, which is quite precisely two weeks, and the place of action doesnt change; it only plays on the farm. You could also say that the story features an important and critical moment in Mamzelle Aurà ©lies life and that there are just a few characters. Another very important aspect is the symbol used in this short story. I suppose it is justified to say that the children are the symbol uniting all different aspects in the story. Before Mamzelle Aurà ©lie had to keep the children she was leading a very lonely life. As the children were living with her, her life got a sense and she became a happy person. But after they left her she realized that she wasted her whole life and regrets everything. Through those children all the different themes of the story like family or loneliness come together. Now this is the one hand, but on the other several typical aspects of a short story arent part of the text. Already at the beginning of the story we get to know a lot about the main character what gives you the impression of an introduction. Additionally Mamzelle Aurà ©lie isnt really an everyday person. She is very special and represents just a very small part of the readers. But all in all my opinion is that the story features many typical elements and you can definitely call it a shortShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Regret by Kate Chopin767 Words   |  4 Pagesnot? The American author Kate Chopin gave an example of those independent women in her short story Regret. In the story, a woman called Mamzelle Aurelie lived alone in her farm. She has never got married and never had children. But one day the silence in Aurelies life was broken as she carried the burden of looking after her neighbors four children for two weeks. One might ask how could she manage to take care of these children since she never had one? In the story Chopin describes the difficultiesRead MoreEssay on A Story of a Spinster in Regret by Kate Chopin, 726 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"So she was quite alone in the world, except for her dog Ponto.† Kate Chopin’s â€Å"Regret† is the story of an elderly spinster who is burdened with the task of watching her neighbors four kids. The story is said to take place in rural Louisiana some time around the nineteenth century. Through this story Chopin portrays how people find regret in the most unlikely of places. Katherine Chopin was born on February 8, 1850 in St. Louis, Missouri. She was bilingual and could speak both French and EnglishRead MoreLet the Love Pour in1594 Words   |  7 PagesIn The short story, â€Å"Regret,† by Kate Chopin portrays a woman struggling to accept her loneliness and regret of never having children. 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Kate Chopin used her literature knowledge to show woman’s freedom and other role of woman in society back in 1900th century.  "The Story of an Hour† is also related to woman’s role in society, the story talks about the wife and husband’sRead More The Importance of Human Intimacy in Chopins Regret Essay1235 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of Human Intimacy in Chopins Regret      Ã‚   The short story, Regret, by Kate Chopin is about a childless spinster who accepts the responsibility of caring for a neighbors four young children while their mother is away. The main idea of the story is that even though independent people like Mamzelle Aurelie become used to living alone, they still need affection and human intimacy.    Mamzelle Aurelie is depicted as a woman with masculine traits and a somewhat militaryRead MoreEssay about The Storm by Kate Chopin693 Words   |  3 PagesThe Storm by Kate Chopin In the story The Storm, Kate Chopin plots a situation in which two people surrender to their physical desires. Chopin wrote fiction stories in the late 19th century. She was condemned due to the immorality presented in her work. At her times, woman was considered to be very innocent, and always faithful to her husband. In Chopins work one sees a totally different view of a womans behavior. She is not a popular writer of her era because of her crude works; theRead More The Story of an Hour and The Hand Essay1161 Words   |  5 PagesThe â€Å"Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin and ‘†The Hand† by Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette are similar in theme and setting. Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette and Kate Chopin create the theme of obligatory love and the unhappiness it entails. Both stories illustrate the concealed emotions many women feel in their marriage yet fail to express them. The two stories take place in a sacred room of the house and both transpire in a brief amount of time. The differences between the two stories are seen through theRead More Theme of Isolation in The Awakening Essays787 Words   |  4 PagesTheme of Isolation in The Awakening      Ã‚  Ã‚   One theme apparent in Kate Chopins novel, The Awakening, is the consequence of solitude when independence is chosen over conformity. The novels protagonist, Edna Pontellier, is faced with this consequence after she embarks on a journey of self-discovery. As Ednas ability to express herself grows, the number of people who can understand her newfound language shrinks (Ward 3). Ednas awakening from a conforming, Victorian wife and mother, intoRead MoreMathilde Loisel and Louise Mallard: a Look at Two Protagonists701 Words   |  3 PagesOn the surface there appear to be many similarities between the character traits of Mathilde Loisel in Guy de Maupassant’s â€Å"The Necklace† and Louise Mallard in Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† however; there are subtle differences between the two women. Both of these protagonists struggle with their fate, are self-centered, and lack empathy. Their lives are destined to end in their own trag ic ways based on their individual character flaws. Both of these stories focus on women who struggleRead MoreEssay about Kate Chopin Short Stories1663 Words   |  7 PagesKate Chopin was an American feminist fiction writer and a woman ahead of her time. She lived in the socially conservative nineteenth-century, but in her stories, she wrote about unconventional characters, particularly women, that caused others to question her morality. Similar to the female characters in her stories, Kate Chopin was an independent woman. She would often smoke cigarettes or walk in the streets unaccompanied; these practices were considered unusual for a nineteenth-century woman to

Analysis Of Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening By Robert...

While Robert Frost is often portrayed as a regionalist poet, whose focus typically turns to the simplicity and beauty of the New England landscape, many of Frost’s poems have an underlying darkness; â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,† a seemingly simple glimpse into the beauty of a winter night, is in both content and form a metaphor for the contemplation of suicide. The title of the poem suggests a familiarity, with the narrator â€Å"stopping by† the woods, a neighborly phrase that suggests that he has been in this place before (Saunders). The woods symbolize death and oblivion, and as such, it’s implied that this is not the first time that the narrator has considered death and taking his own life. It is a sentiment echoed in the opening†¦show more content†¦The poet could have used the word longest in place of darkest, as they contain the same number of syllables, the with the stress in the same location, however Frost chose the word â€Å"darkest,† a word that carries heavier undertones. Therefore, the phrase is more likely symbolic of the feeling of deep depression. This stanza is symbolic of the narrator reconsidering his contemplated suicide as a decision that he should not make when he is in such a lonely place at such a dark hour. The horse â€Å"gives his harness bells a shake to ask if there is some mistake,† symbolizes the breaking of the spell, or the shaking of the conscience; it is the equivalent of shaking one’s head to remove unwanted thoughts (Norton 245). The horse, or the narrator’s conscience, is suggesting that he’s making a mistake. The harness bells are the only sound beyond the â€Å"sweep of easy wind and downy flake,† symbols of how simple and peaceful death would be with the term â€Å"downy† evoking the imagery of comfort (Norton 245). The stanza serves as a turning point in the poem, where the narrator’s conscience is louder than his desire to be lost within the woods. In the final stanza, the narrator reaffirms the temptation of the woods, the temptation of death, saying that â€Å"the woods are lovely, dark and deep,† a welcomed oblivion (Norton 245). However, he decides that he has â€Å"promises to keep,† other obligations in his life that he is unwilling to leave behind, evenShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening, By Robert Frost778 Words   |  4 PagesRobert Frost is a great American poet that mastered the art of eloquently imprinting his readers with an overarching idea, or theme, through his use of symbolic language, precise picture painting, and metronome rhyme and meter. Frost addresses many different themes across his poems, but sometimes has similar methods of displaying his themes; three of the most prominent are the crossroads of a decision in â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,† the battle between desire and hate in â€Å"Fire and IceRead MoreAnalysis Of Robert Frost s Poem Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening 923 Words   |  4 PagesIn Robert Frost’s poem â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† the speaker is traveling at night through the snow and pauses with his horse near the woods by a neighbor’s house to admire the snow falling in the woods. His little horse shakes his â€Å"harness bells†, questioning his sudden respite; perhaps indicating that this isn’t the destination of their journey. Throughout the poem, the speaker seems to be wrestling between obligations and desire. For example, he continues to stand near the woods attractedRead MoreAnalysis Of Robert Frost s `` Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening `` And `` Mending Wall ``1817 Words   |  8 Pages Robert Frost was an American poet born on March 26, 1874. Living to the age of eighty eight, Frost was able to become an accomplished poet in his lifetime, creating beautiful works of art through his words. In many of his poems one can find simila r themes that discuss intense feelings and ideas about isolation and loneliness in one’s life, such as in â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† and â€Å"Mending Wall†. Each of the following poems discussed will demonstrate that throughout Robert Frost’sRead MoreAnalysis of Acquainted with the Night and Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening1471 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper first draft 16th Nov 2011 In a Dark Night, I Find My Answers. The two poems â€Å"Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening† and â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† written by Robert Frost are very similar to each other because of the simplistic form of language used and the uses of metaphors. When we first read the poem, it looks like an ordinary poem but once we go in depth and understand the meaning, it becomes so much more. Both of the poem has a very dark, gloomy and lonely setting with a reallyRead MoreEssay on Robert Frosts Life and Accomplishments1244 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"In three words I can sum up everything I’ve learned about life: it goes on.† After a lifetime of ups and downs, Robert Frost said this quote. Most of his poems already shared his message, that life is not as easy as it may first appear to be. He used the simplicity of nature and vernacular speech to give his poems a casual mood, though underneath they display a much deeper meaning of life. These poems help to show people just some of the dif ficult things that will be faced in life, despite everythingRead MoreEssay about An Analysis Of Nature In The W606 Words   |  3 Pages An Analysis of Nature in the works of Robert Frost When reading poetry by Robert Frost the theme of nature is strongly present and persistent. Robert Frost uses the world around him to create a mystic feeling to his writings, almost giving the reader a sense of nostalgia. The influence of nature in Frost’s works creates a palette to paint a picture filled with symbolism for the reader to interpret. The nature in the poems makes the poem an intimate piece in which most readers can identify withRead MoreWinter: A Magical Time of Year809 Words   |  3 Pagesand the cold weather. Winter is a great time to just sit inside by a fire and read a book. The peace and quiet of winter is also what makes it one of the best seasons of the year. The analysis of the following poems â€Å"Now Winter Nights Enlarge† by Thomas Campion, â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† by Robert Frost, â€Å"Like Brooms of Steel† by Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Winter Morning† by William Jay Smith, â€Å"Winter: 10 degrees† by Barbara Novack, and â€Å"Winter Sunday† by Mark Wunderlich will show how they areRead MoreStopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening1900 Words   |  8 Pagesmore than capable of helping you achieve this is, †Å"A Sense of Place.† Among these poems the focus will be entirely placed on â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† by Robert Frost. He was born on March 17th in 1874 San Francisco, California. Frost’s mother was of Scottish descent and his father’s origin was English. This particular poem of his was written in 1922 when Frost was at the age of 48. There were several things which caused him to write the way that he did. Some of them occurred much earlierRead More Analysis of Robert Frost’s Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening692 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of Robert Frost’s Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening The poem, â€Å"Stopping by Woods†¦Ã¢â‚¬  speaks of a time that the author paused during a trip to simply enjoy the quiet and beauty of nature. During this short stop, he contemplates mortality and his life so far. Frost also cleverly uses the poems form and sounds to enhance the poem, to entice the readers senses, and immerse them in the scene. With repetitive â€Å"s† and â€Å"h† sounds throughout the poem one can imagineRead MoreStopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, by Robert Frost Essay1383 Words   |  6 Pages Robert Frost uses metaphor and symbolism extensively in ‘Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening’, developing deeper and more complex meanings from a superficially simple poem. Frost’s own analysis contributes greatly to our appreciation of the importance of metaphor, claiming that â€Å"metaphor [is] the whole of thinking,† inviting the reader to interpret the beautiful scene in a more profound way. However, the multitude of possible interpretations sees it being read as either carefully crafted lyric

The Hunters Moonsong Chapter Six Free Essays

Cautiously, Matt felt along the path with his foot until he found grass, then inched his way onto it, holding his hands out in front of him until he was touching the rough bark of a tree. There probably weren’t too many people hanging around outside the main campus gate, but he’d just as soon have no one see him, blindfolded, dressed in his weddings-and-funerals suit and tie, and looking, he was sure, like an idiot. On the other hand, he did want whoever was coming to get him to be able to spot him. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Six or any similar topic only for you Order Now It would be better to look like an idiot out in the open now and become part of the Vitale Society than to hide and spend the rest of the night blindfolded in the bushes. Matt inched his way back toward where he thought the gate must be and stumbled. Waving his hands, he managed to catch his balance again. He suddenly wished he had told someone where he was going. What if somebody other than the Vitale Society had left him the note? What if this was a plan to get him on his own, some kind of trap? Matt ran his finger beneath his sweaty too-tight col ar. After al the weird things that had happened to him in the last year, he couldn’t help being paranoid. If he vanished now, his friends would never know what had happened to him. He thought of Elena’s laughing blue eyes, her clear, searching gaze. She would miss him if he disappeared, he knew, even if she had never loved him the way he wanted her to. Bonnie’s laugh would lose its carefree note if Matt were gone, and Meredith would become more tense and fierce, push herself harder. He mattered to them. The Vitale Society’s invitation was clear, though: tel no one. If he wanted to get in the game, he had to play by their rules. Matt understood rules. Without warning, someone – two someones – grabbed his arms, one on each side. Instinctively, Matt struggled, and he heard a grunt of exasperation from the person on his right. â€Å"Fortis aeturnus,† hissed the person on his left like a password, his breath warm on Matt’s ear. Matt stopped fighting. That was the slogan on the letter from the Vitale Society, wasn’t it? It was Latin, he was pretty sure. He wished he’d taken the time to find out what it meant. He let the people holding his arms guide him across the grass and onto the road. â€Å"Step up,† the one on his left whispered, and Matt moved forward careful y, climbing into what seemed to be the back of a van. Firm hands pushed his head down to keep him from banging it on the van’s roof, and Matt was reminded of that terrible time this past summer when he’d been arrested, accused of attacking Caroline. The cops had pushed his head down just like that when they put him handcuffed into the back of the squad car. His stomach sank with remembered dread, but he shook it off. The Guardians had erased everyone’s memories of Caroline’s false accusations, just as they’d changed everything else. The hands guided him to a seat and strapped a seat belt around him. There seemed to be people sitting on each side of him, and Matt opened his mouth to speak – to say what, he didn’t know. â€Å"Be stil ,† the mysterious voice whispered, and Matt closed his mouth obediently. He strained his eyes to see something past the blindfold, even a hint of light and shadow, but everything was dark. Footsteps clattered across the floor of the van; then the doors slammed, and the engine started up. Matt sat back. He tried to keep track of the turns the van took but lost count of the rights and lefts after a few minutes and instead just sat quietly, waiting to see what would happen next. After about fifteen minutes, the van came to a halt. The people on either side of Matt sat up straighter, and he tensed, too. He heard the front doors open and close and then footsteps come around the van before the back doors opened. â€Å"Remain silent,† the voice that spoke to him earlier ordered. â€Å"You wil be guided toward the next stage of your journey.† The person next to Matt brushed against him as he rose, and Matt heard him stumble on what sounded like gravel underfoot as he was led away. He listened alertly, but, once that person had left, Matt heard only the nervous shifting of the other people seated in the van. He jumped when hands took his arms once more. Somehow they’d snuck up on him again; he hadn’t heard a thing. The hands helped him out of the van, then guided him across what felt like a sidewalk or courtyard, where his shoes thudded against first gravel, then pavement. His guides continued to lead him up a series of stairs, through some kind of hal way, then back down again. Matt counted three flights down before he was stopped again. â€Å"Wait here,† the voice said, and then his guides stepped away. Matt tried to figure out where he was. He could hear people, probably his companions from the van, shifting quietly, but no one spoke. Judging by the echoes their little motions produced, they were in a large space: a gym? a basement? Probably a basement, after al those stairs down. From behind him came the quiet click of a door closing. â€Å"You may now remove your blindfolds,† a new voice, deep and confident, said. Matt untied his blindfold and looked around, blinking as his eyes adjusted to the light. It was a faint, indirect light, which supported his basement theory, but if this was a basement, it was the fanciest one he’d ever seen. The room was huge, stretching into dimness at its other end, and the floor and wal s were paneled in a dark, heavy wood. Arches and pil ars supported the ceiling at intervals, and there were some kinds of carvings on them: the clever, twisted face of what might be a sprite leered at him from a pil ar; the figure of a running deer spanned one archway. Red-velvet-seated chairs and heavy wooden tables lined the wal s. Matt and the others were facing a great central archway, topped by a large ornate letter V made of different kinds of glittering, highly polished metals elaborately welded together. Below the V ran the same motto that had appeared on the letter: fortis aeturnus. Glancing at the people near him, Matt saw that he wasn’t the only one feeling confused and apprehensive. There were maybe fifteen other people standing there, and they seemed like they came from different classes: there was no way that tal , stooping guy with the ful beard was a freshman. A smal , round-faced girl with short ringlets of brown hair caught Matt’s eye. She raised her eyebrows at him, widening her mouth in an exaggerated expression of bewilderment. Matt grinned back at her, his spirits lightening. He shifted closer to her and had just opened his mouth to whisper an introduction when he was interrupted. â€Å"Welcome,† said the deep, authoritative voice that had instructed them to take off their blindfolds, and a young man stepped up to the central archway, directly below the huge V. Behind him came a circle of others, seemingly a mix of guys and girls, al clothed in black and wearing masks. The effect ought to have been over the top, Matt thought, but instead the masked figures seemed mysterious and aloof, and he suppressed a shiver. The guy beneath the arch was the only one not wearing a mask. He was a bit shorter than the silent figures around him, with curly dark hair, and he smiled warmly as he stretched out his hands toward Matt and the others. â€Å"Welcome,† he said again, â€Å"to a secret. You may have heard rumors of the Vitale Society, the oldest and most il ustrious organization of Dalcrest. This is a society often spoken of in whispers, but about which no one knows the truth. No one except its members. I am Ethan Crane, the current president of the Vitale Society, and I’m delighted that you have accepted our invitation.† He paused and looked around. â€Å"You have been invited to pledge because you are the best of the best. Each of you has different strengths.† He gestured to the tal , bearded guy Matt had noticed. â€Å"Stuart Covington here is the most bril iant scientific mind of the senior class, perhaps one of the most promising ones in the country. His articles on biogenetics have already been published in numerous journals.† Ethan walked into the crowd and stopped next to Matt. This close up, Matt could see that Ethan’s eyes were an almost golden hazel, ful of warmth. â€Å"Matt Honeycutt enters Dalcrest as a starting player on the footbal team after leading his high school to the state championship last year. He could have had his choice of col ege footbal programs, and he chose to come to Dalcrest.† Matt ducked his head modestly, and Ethan squeezed his shoulder before walking on to stop next to the cute round-faced girl. â€Å"Junior Chloe Pascal is, as those of you who attended last year’s campus art show know, the most talented artist on campus. Her dynamic, exciting sculptures have won her the Gershner Award for two years running.† He patted Chloe on the arm as she blushed. Ethan went on, passing from one member of their little group to another, listing accomplishments. Matt was only half listening as he looked around at the rapt expressions on the faces of the other candidates, but he got the impression of a wide range of talents, and that this was indeed a gathering of the best of the best, an assembly of campus achievers. He seemed to be the only freshman. He felt like Ethan had lit a glowing candle inside him: he, Matt, who had been the least special of his group of friends, was being singled out. â€Å"As you can see,† Ethan said, circling back to the front of the group, â€Å"each of you has different skil s. Brains, creativity, athleticism, the ability to lead others. These qualities, when brought together, can make you the most elite and powerful group, not only on campus, but throughout life. The Vitale Society is an organization with a long history, and once you are a member of the society, you are one for life. Forever.† He held up one finger in caution, his face serious. â€Å"However, this meeting is but the first step on the road to becoming a Vitale. And it is a difficult road.† He smiled at them again. â€Å"I believe – we believe – that al of you have what it takes to become a Vitale. You would not have been invited to pledge if we did not think you were worthy.† Matt straightened his shoulders and held his head high. Least remarkable member of his group of friends or not, he’d saved the world – or at least his hometown – more than once. Even if he’d just been one of a team then, he was pretty sure he could handle whatever the Vitale Society could throw at him. Ethan smiled directly at him. â€Å"If you are prepared to pledge the Vitale Society, to keep our secrets and earn our trust, step forward now.† Without hesitating, Matt stepped forward. Chloe and the bearded guy – Stuart – stepped with him and, looking around, Matt saw that every one of the pledges had moved forward together. Ethan came toward Matt and took hold of the lapel of his suit. â€Å"There,† he said, quickly pinning something on it and letting Matt go. â€Å"Wear this at al times, but discreetly. You must keep your involvement with the society secret. You wil be contacted. Congratulations.† He gave Matt a brief, genuine smile, and moved on to Chloe, saying the same thing to her. Matt turned his lapel up and looked at the tiny dark blue V that Ethan had pinned to it. He’d never thought much before about fraternities, or secret societies, or any kind of organization that wasn’t a sports team. But this, being the only freshman the legendary Vitale Society wanted, was different. They saw something in him, something special. How to cite The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Six, Essay examples

Management Accounting Organizational Policies

Question: Discuss about theManagement Accounting for Organizational Policies. Answer: Introduction This study is based on the subject area of organizational change. This is a reflective report, where I am going to discuss about the key issues that affect the change and change process in an organization. Here, I am going to discuss on the basis of my personal experiences. After identifying the key issues, I will compare and analyze the effects of the change drivers and after that, I will explain, evaluate and apply the major theories, principles and concept of change. Identifying and Describing the Key Issues Affecting Change and Change Process I have experienced several changes at my workplace. These changes were of different types. Sometimes, the change was related to the organizational policies, sometimes, the change was related to the operation strategies and sometimes the changes were related to any other aspects of the business. However, in any type of organizational change, I have noticed that there are some common issues that affect the change and changing process in the organization. These key issues are employees resistance, conflict among the employees, Managements inefficiency to convey the need for change. I have noticed that due to the high resistance of the employees, it becomes very problematic for the management to implement the change at the workplace. Many of my co-workers at the workplace were unwilling to accept any kind of change in the organization. At the same time, in our organization, there was conflict among the employees. Due to that when one group of employees agreed to make change, the other group disagreed. It was very difficult for the management to make all the employees agreed. Apart from that, it has also happened that the management failed to convey the need for the change. Sometimes, I also could not understand why that change is taking place and I did not support the change. Analyzing and Comparing the Effects of Change Drivers During my work tenure, I have noticed several change drivers, like, technology, customers preferences, competitors strategies and availability of resources. All of these change drivers affected the change strategies of my organization. The organization, where I used to work was a retail organization in UK. Previously, the strategy of the organization was to promote its products through newspaper advertisement and sales promotions. However, due to the technological change and introduction of social media, the management decided to promote its products through Facebook. On the other side, In case of sales promotion activities, the company used to provide only 10% to 15% discounts. However, the competitors strategies of providing free gifts and discount up to 50% influenced our managers to change the existing promotional strategies. Previously, the customers were satisfied with only the grocery products, but nowadays, the customers look for vegetables, Utensils and other Kitchen related products within the single roof. Due to this, the management of our company changes the previous strategies and included more products including vegetables and the kitchen items in the product range. The management has changed its operational strategy and implemented the lean management system to maintain the availability of resources. Therefore, in all change cases, the change drivers affected the existing strategies of the company and helped the company to become more competitive in the market. Explaining, Evaluating and Applying Major Theories, Principles and Concept of Change As per my knowledge, there are different theories of organizational change and among all of the change theories, two are the most popular Lewins change theory and Stage theory. According to Lewins change theory, organizational change takes place by following three simple steps unfreeze, transition and refreeze. In the unfreeze stage, the organization needs to create the proper condition so that the change can take place. In the transition step, the change process takes place slowly and everyone is aware that the change is taking place. In the refreeze step, the new or change system is implemented. In case of the Stage theory, there are four stages involved. This is the modern version of Lewins theory. These four steps are as follows: Creating awareness regarding the problem and the available solution Taking decision for innovative strategies Implementing the changed strategies Institutionalization of the new strategies In case of our organization, the Stage theory has been adopted during any change. In our organization, the change has been taken place by following some core principles of organizational change. These core principles are as follows: The first principle is considering the humanity. Due to the organizational change at my workplace, the total working environment became different. So, at that time, the management considered and provided every little requirement of us, so that we do not feel any discomfort. The second principle was to start the change process from the top level. Our organization followed this principle because the change in the top level would influence the lower level employees to accept the change. The third principle was to follow the step-by-step procedure. This principle helped our management to bring the change in a systematic manner. The fourth principle was communicating the message properly. This particular principle helped the management to create awareness among the employees regarding the need for the change and the positive outcomes after the change. As per my understanding organizational change is a procedure that is followed to bring any kind of development or improvement in the organization. It is sometime very difficult for the management of the organization brings the change, but if the management follows proper theories and principles, then the organizational change can be brought easily. Conclusion During this study, I have identified that there are different issues that can affect the change and change procedure in an organization. I have also identified that there are several drivers of change like, technology, competitors strategies, customers preferences and many others. These change drivers also affected the existing strategies of the company, where I used to work previously. In that organization, I have noticed that the Stage theory of organizational change and some major principles of the same are followed. Bibliography Anwer, M., Hong, S.H.E.N., Abbas, Z. and Mir, F.A., 2015. The Effect of Employee Engagement Drivers on the Organizational Change Management Process.Journal for Studies in Management and Planning,1(10), pp.154-175. Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015.Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Hornstein, H.A., 2015. The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.291-298. Levanti, G. and Klein, L., 2016. Introduction to the JOTSC Special Issue on Leveraging Organizational Change and Knowledge Management to Address Environmental Complexity.Journal of Organisational Transformation Social Change,13(1), pp.1-4. Petrou, P., Demerouti, E. and Schaufeli, W.B., 2016. Crafting the Change The Role of Employee Job Crafting Behaviors for Successful Organizational Change.Journal of Management, p.0149206315624961. Pick, D., Teo, S.T., Tummers, L. and Newton, C., 2015. Advancing knowledge on organizational change and public sector work.Journal of Organizational Change Management,28(4).

Company Valuation Report Goodman Fielder

Introduction In this report, we have tried to present a comprehensive evaluation of Goodman Fielder Company. By considering the market and financial environment in which Goodman fielder operates, we have employed the use of several helpful tools to evaluate Goodman Fielder. Here, historical data on share returns, market returns and financial statements will be used to approximate the value of Goodman Fielder shares.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Company Valuation Report: Goodman Fielder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The calculated values will then be compared with the actual values of shares at the market. The period of our interest runs from 1st January 2006 to 2nd February 2012. The Du Pont approach has been used to compute for equity returns. Later on, we used the CAPM model to estimate for the required rate of return. We then considered the DDM model, the cash flow model, the earnings ratio model and th e price book ratio (Tobin 1969). These approaches have been helpful in understanding various facets (including price value and competitiveness) of the share pricing for Goodman Fielder (a major indicator of a company’s performance) (Viney 2009). Often, we found it necessary to identify a number of actions that can be undertaken by the management of Goodman Fielder to better the prospects of their company. Background Information Goodman Fielder is a food processing and retail company with base operations in Australia (Kenneth 1982). Among the products that are produced and marketed by the Goodman Fielder Company include bread, mayonnaise, milk, pizzas, cooking oils and pies (Kenneth 1982). The company ranks top among the main producers and distributors of food within Australia and the rest of the pacific Islands (Keown 2002). In New Zealand, it (Goodman Fielder) is the largest supplier of flour ands commercial fat to manufacturing industries (Oliver 2009). Thus, apart from bei ng a major producer and distributor of grocery commodities, Goodman Fielder is also a supplier of edible fat and flour to commercial food companies (Ross Sergio 2005). Many Australians love Goodman Fielder products; thus, the company has a good market segment here (Keown 2002). Goodman Fielder company employs more than seven thousand people within Australia and the larger pacific Islands region (New Zealand, Papua Guinea, New Caledonia and Fiji) (Oliver 2009).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Market Segment As we have seen, Goodman Fielder has a large and wide market segment. Geographically, Goodman Fielder’s market segment cuts across Australia and the pacific Islands region (Collins Kothari 1989). Goodman Fielder produces a variety of products that target various segments in the consumer market (Kopcke 1982). Among the most important segments here include baking, dairy market, fats and oils, and flour (Collins Kothari 1989). All of the mentioned segments fall within two major categories (Cuthbertson Nitzsche 2008). The first category can be described as one that consists of processed items that are ready for consumption such as packaged milk, bread and pies (Oliver 2009). On the other hand, the second category consists of items that need further processing before they can be supplied to local markets (Kopcke 1982). Such items, which are usually supplied to commercial food companies, include bulk flour and edible oils. Goodman fielder has always been among the two major large scale suppliers of food products in Australia (Cuthbertson Nitzsche 2008). Likewise, the company is the main supplier of edible oil and flour to commercial companies in New Zealand (Oliver 2009). Financial History Although the financial performance of Goodman Fielder has averagely been good for a long time (Rayburn 1986) (where the company has been giving good returns on its equity), the same cannot be said about its performance in the past five years (where our analysis of the company will focus) (Ali et al. 1995). The past five years have not been good for Goodman Fielder Company (Cuthbertson Nitzsche 2008). During this period, its (Goodman Fielder) profits have been decreasing steadily (Collins Kothari 1989). The share prices of Goodman Fielder have likewise been on a downward spiral (Cuthbertson Nitzsche 2008). Below is a chart showing the performance of Goodman Fielder’s shares over the past six years (Reilly Brown 2012). As it can be seen above, the shares of Goodman Fielder have decreased by more than a half in within the past six years (Ali et al 1995). Some stock market analysts are even expecting Goodman Fielder shares to even fall further in the coming months. While Goodman Fielder products remain popular within its consumer market, the company has been performing dismally (Ali et al. 1995).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Company Valuation Report: Goodman Fielder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An evaluation of Goodman Fielder financial statements over the past six years reveals a steady decline in revenues (Ali et al. 1995). A number of factors have helped to contribute towards the dismal performance of Goodman Fielder (Easton 1989). First, the recent years of the global economic crisis created a difficult environment for Goodman Fielder Company (Jorgenson 1968). The sales of Goodman Fielder products decreased as the market adjusted to the economic crisis to seek for cheaper food products from other producers (Atrill et al. 2006). Besides, many micro-scale competitors have emerged; thus, eating into the market segment of Goodman Fielder (Jorgenson 1968). The exports of Goodman Fielder have also been affected by the relative strengthening of the Australian dollar in relation to export markets (Kenneth 1982). Moreover, new inve stments in bakery by the company (Goodman Fielder) have failed to improve on returns (Atrill et al. 2006). The ever increasing fuel prices on the global market have coupled with other factors (such as increases in wage bills) to contribute in increasing production and operation costs for Goodman Fielder (Atrill et al. 2006). Such a direction has eaten into Goodman Fielder revenues; thus, contributing to its dismal performance (Easton 1989). More importantly however, the management of Goodman Fielder have been slow in reacting to the ever dynamic business environment of their company; thus, leading to the poor fortunes of their company (Edwards Bell 1961). While a large number of customers in Australia and the greater pacific Island region love Goodman Fielder products, the company has failed to solidify its market segment here (Atrill et al 2006). The poor performance of Goodman Fielder shares in the stock market is an indication that share investors are losing their confidence in the ability in its managers (Kenneth 1982). Unlike a number of her counterparts that have successfully emerged from the recent economic crisis (After shrinking during the global economic crisis, the Australian economy has been recording some growths from 2008) to expand their profits, Goodman Fielder is even performing worse at the moment than during the economic crisis period (Ross Sergio 2005).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A number of objectives that have often been designed by Goodman fielder management to tackle the economic difficulties facing their company have so far failed to be fruitful (Atrill et al. 2006). The 2011 half year results indicate one of the poorest performing periods for Goodman Fielder in the past six years (The general performance of Goodman Fielder has generally been on a steady decline over the past five years) (Kenneth 1982). In the recent past, Goodman Fielder has at times been unable to pay dividends as a result of its decreasing cash inflows (Miller Modigliani). Obviously, there is an urgent need for Goodman Fielder to restructure and adapt to the current economic environment in its market (Koller et al. 2005). Such a direction can only be achieved by a creative, innovative, and a new management at Goodman Fielder (Edwards Bell 1961). As it will become clear in our analysis, the general performance of Goodman fielder has been way below her peer companies (Baker Powell 1 999). Even with the current progressive growth of the Australian economy (after a difficult economic crisis period), the performance of Goodman Fielder has failed to mirror the expanding Australian GDP (Expected to grow by about 0.8 percent this year) (Edwards Bell 1961). However, the outlook of Goodman and fielder cannot be concluded to be grim (Kopcke 1982). Let us not forget that there are millions of customers that love Goodman Fielder products (Fama French 2001). Much of Goodman Fielder’s future will however depend on the ability of its senior management to return the company where it was in the past decade (Miller Modigliani). With the expanding Australian economy, the possibilities of Goodman Fielder to expand its market share here are real (Baker Powell 1999). Moreover, the economies of pacific Island economies such as New Zealand, where Goodman Fielder has vast interest, have also continued to show a progressive growth; thus, presenting new opportunities for Good man Fielder to expand its markets in these areas too (Fama French 2001). However, as we had seen earlier, the onset of positive fortunes for Goodman Fielder is dependent on the ability of its management to deal with current difficulties and exploit existing opportunities in the market (Baker Powell 1999). Return on Equity Return on Equity is among the most important approaches that are usually utilised by investors to analyze a company’s profitability. Here, we will utilise the most recent returns (Half year returns for the period ending December 2011) data from Goodman Fielder Company to analyse its return on equity. Generally, a company that is able to produce high returns from its equities without accumulating large debts boasts of large cash flows (Baker Powell 1999). Thus, such companies can grow without new capital expenditures. Such an arrangement is useful for investors since they can withdraw funds from such a company and invest their withdrawals in other interest s (Fama French 2001). So as to understand important components on equity returns, we will employ the use of the Du Pont Model in analysing the equity returns of Goodman Fielder Company (for the period mentioned) (Beneda 2003). So as to give investors information on specific areas of interest, the Du Pont model has divided equity returns into three multiples: Net profit Margin, asset turnover, and Gearing Ratio (Kopcke 1982). Thus: Return on Equity = Net Profit margin*Asset Turnover* Gearing Table 1 below summarizes ROE’s for the past six years. Table 1: ROE YEAR Gearing ROE 2011 2.58 3.6 2010 2.78 2.8 2009 3.01 3.4 2008 2.9 4.3 2007 2.6 4.7 2006 2.2 5.6 An equity return of 3.6% is quite low (Fazzari et al. 1988). Such a rate is way below the acceptable average of about 12%. With such rates, investors will thus shy away from buying Goodman Fielder shares at the stock exchange; thus, a low demand for the company shares at the stock market (Beneda 2003). Such a direction explains why the stock prices of Goodman Fielder have been falling steadily at the stock market (Fazzari et al. 1988). In 2011, Goodman Fielder had a profit margin of 1.67 percent. Again, such a profit margin is quite low (Kopcke 1982). It therefore means that the company is making little profits from its revenues (Miller Modigliani). Besides, such a low profit margin is also an indication that there is currently a low possibility that the company’s (Goodman Fielder) management will affect profits to down spiral further (Beneda 2003). Since the profit margin is approaching one percentage point, a further decrease in profit margins is unlikely to result from the mismanagement of Goodman Fielder (Fazzari et al. 1988). It is therefore safer to invest in Goodman Fielder shares with a disregard of how the company’s management could lead to future decreases in profits (Lehn Makhija 1996). However, such a consideration cannot be used in isolation when identifyin g the potential of Goodman Fielder shares (Beneda 2003). During the half year period ending 31st December 2011, Goodman Fielder recorded an asset turnover of 83.5%. The asset turnover ratio is helpful in determining the capacity of a company in converting its assets to incomes (Black 1972). An efficiency of 83.5 % in converting assets to profits is quite acceptable (Fazzari et al. 1988). What however is of concern to investors is the low return on equity despite a leverage of 2.58 (Ohslen 1995). Such an arrangement means that Goodman fielder is relying on debts to generate its low return on equity at 3.6% (Fruhan 1981). Without debts, Goodman fielder would generate a return on equity of only 1.4%. Such an arrangement means that there is a low cash flow within Goodman Fielder; hence, explaining why the company has been facing difficulties in performance (Black 1972). Macro-Economic Factors The global economy is expected to expand slightly in the next few years after experiencing the recent economic crisis (Viney 2009). Here, developing economies like China will experience most growth. On the other hand, developed economies like Australia will experience a slight growth (the Australian economy is expected to grow by 2%). There is usually a strong relationship between economic growth and company growth. The growth prospects of Goodman Fielder Company in 2012 are thus positive. With a market in Indonesia and other Asia-Pacific economies (whose economies are expected to expand marginally), Goodman Fielder can expand her market further. At 2 to 3 percent, the expected rate of inflation in 2012 is within acceptable limits (Green et al. 1996). Australian customers will therefore have enough money to spend on Goodman Fielder products. With a leverage of 2.58, the financial performance of Goodman Fielder will heavily rely on interest rates. If interest rates increase, Goodman Fielder will spend more resources in financing her debt. On the other hand, a decrease in inter est rates will help to finance the expansion plans of Goodman Fielder. Indications at the moment predict a fall in interest rates to levels below 3%. Here, the prospects of companies with large borrowing, such as Goodman Fielder, will remain bright. Estimation of Goodman Fielder Shares CAPM Model The CAPM (Capital Pricing Model) model has for many years been a useful tool in calculating expected returns from shares (Lehn Makhija 1996). Although several economists have criticised the effectiveness of the CAPM model in analysing share returns, no alternative model has been developed to date (Black 1972). Generally, the CAPM model can be represented in the equation below: C= A+ ÃŽ ² (B-A) Where A is the risk free rate, B is the market return rate, ÃŽ ² is the coefficient of the premium rate, and C is the expected rate of return (Ohslen 1995). Our important responsibility lies in calculating beta for the capital pricing model (Black 1972). By observing the above equation, one can be ab le to see that it is an equation of a straight line; with a constant gradient and an intercept (Ohslen 1995). One can therefore be able to determine beta through the use of an appropriate graph that plots C against (B-A) (Fruhan 1981). Having obtained the historical share return indexes from dates 1st January 2006 to 2nd February, 2012, we calculated the monthly share return rates in an excel worksheet (Gozzi et al. 2006). Such rates were obtained by calculating percentage changes in the share returns of adjacent months, and then multiplying the result by 12 to obtain the annual rates of returns (Lehn Makhija 1996). Likewise, a similar procedure was employed to calculate the expected monthly returns of the share market from a dataset than contained monthly return values of shares (from dates 1st January 2006 to 2nd February 2012) (Bond Meghir 1994). The free market rates were obtained from the 20 year Federal Reserve rates (from the historical data of the United States treasury ra tes) (Gozzi et al. 2006). As we have been using in other data sets, our period of interest here is from 1st January 2006 to 2nd February, 2012. The frequency of the treasury rates that we used is monthly. The premium rate was then obtained by subtracting A from B (Lintner 1965). An appropriate graph was then drawn in excel where the rate of share returns was plotted against the premium rates (Lintner 1965). Our raw Beta is thus the coefficient of the premium rate, which (as shown below) was shown to be 0.9691. As it is usually suggested, our raw beta needs to be adjusted as below: 0.9691 (0.67) + 0.33 =0.979 Thus, we obtain an adjusted value of 0.979 as our new beta (Lintner 1965). In analysing the CAMP model, we used treasury rates from the Australian Reserve bank to proxy free market rates (Gozzi et al. 2006). Such a direction was informed by the stability of the treasury rates, and the very unlikely scenario of a default from the Australian government (Bond Meghir 1994). Many e conomists are confident in using the US treasury rates to represent free market rates (Liynat Zarwin 1990). Such rates are often approximated at 5 %( Liynat Zarwin 1990). However, it is useful to observe that in exceptional circumstances, treasury rates can decline (Liynat Zarwin 1990). Such a direction was observed during the recent economic crisis, and also during the early months of 2012. Here, treasury rates went even below 3% during some months. On the other hand, we employed the return value of the stock market to proxy the market return rate (Green et al. 1996). Since such a value is a representation of the average performance in market stocks, it may not represent a true picture of the market return rate (Green et al. 1996). Here, it would be useful to obtain the standard deviation on stock performance so as to understand whether the estimation that we have used is useful in representing market returns (Bond Meghir 1994). However, since such an approach would involve a c umbersome procedure of evaluating the performance of all listed companies in the share market, we simply used the total value of stock returns to calculate our assumed market return rate (Liynat Zarwin 1990). Considering the micro-economic factors that we have discussed above, we found it useful to split the financial performance of Goodman Fielder into four categories: Very strong GDP growth, strong GDP growth, flat growth, weak growth. The table below summarize our estimates. Table 2: Market Return for Different Conditions of Growth. GDP Market Return Estimate(%) Probability (%) Market Return (%) Very Strong ( 5%) 25 10 2.5 Strong (2-5%) 15 60 9 Flat (1-2%) 5 20 1 Weak (1%) -10 10 -1 Average 11.5 With an adjusted Beta, we calculated the current risk premium rate as follows. With a beta of 0.979, taking the current treasury rate (2.75% as obtained from the historical treasury rates), and assuming an average free market return of 5% (since most economist est imate that the premium rate varies from 3.5% to 6%, we take an average of 5%), the risk premium rate can be calculated as: A= 0.05+ 0.979 (0.05) = 9.9% The Dividend valuation Model can be represented as follows: Value= Expected Dividend/ (Return on equity-Growth rate) The table below summarizes returns for different conditions of economic growth. Table 3: Returns for different conditions of economic growth GDP Market Return (%) Risk Premium Required Rate Of Return Very Strong ( 5%) 2.5 -0.025 0.025525 Strong (2-5%) 9 0.04 0.08916 Flat (1-2%) 1 -0.04 0.01084 Weak (1%) -1 -0.06 -0.00874 Average (11.5) 11.5 0.065 0.113635 The discount rate is thus 9.9% and the last dividend payout was 2.5 cents per share (Liynat Zarwin 1990). We estimate a growth rate of 2%. As we had seen earlier during equity returns analysis, the ratio of profit margin was approaching 1%. Such a scenario implies that the management of Goodman Fielder will in future have a slight impact on future pro fit declines (Bond Meghir 1994). Since share prices have also declined to lowest levels, we can expect the share prices to stabilize and grow at a stabilized rate of 2% (Lone et al. 1996). We do not expect the shares to grow at a higher rate at the moment since the company (Goodman Fielder) will require a longer period of time to recover (Bowen et al. 1986). Table 4: DDM Approximations for Share Prices Year Growth Growth Rate Share 2012-2014 Slow Growth 0.02 0.639240506 2014-2016 High  Growth 0.08 2.736842105 2017 0NWARDS Stable  Growth 0.03 0.735507246 Thus, as shown in the table above, the current price for Goodman Fielder Shares is about 0.6392. This particular value is comparable with the market value that has been ranging from 80 cents to 40 cents in 2011. We can also calculate the implied growth rate by assuming that the stock prices for Goodman and Fielder are correctly valued (Lone et al. 1996). Here, with the greatly unstable Goodman Fielder stocks, the cha llenge would be in picking a historical value of the stock (Lone et al. 1996). We can select the sock value on 1st January, 2012 (Green et al. 1996). On this particular date, the stock was traded at 42.42 cents. Thus: 0.4242 = 0.025 (1+g/2)/ (0.099/2-g/2) Thus, implied growth rate is 0.019. Cash Flow Since Goodman Fielder does not always pay dividends, we can use cash flows per share (instead of dividends) to estimate its share value (Head 2008). The cash flow model is similar to the DDM model except that we use cash flows per share, instead of dividends, to calculate share returns. Based on our macro-economic assumptions, we think that Goodman Fielder will experience a slow growth followed by a stage of high growth, before settling at a steady growth. The table below presents approximations of the share price for the three stages above. Table 5  Price Earning Ratio and Price Book Value model Year Growth Growth Rate Share 2012-2014 Slow Growth 0.02 1.856865823 2014-2016 Slo w Growth 0.08 7.949978947 2017 0NWARDS Stable Growth 0.03 2.136501449 Price earnings ratio is useful in indicating the amount of money that investors are willing to spend for each dollar earned in the Goodman Fielder company. Dividing the formulae above by EPS (Earnings per share): Price earning ratio/EPS= Share market Price/EPS/ Earnings pet share According to the DDM: P = A (1+g)/(k-g). Dividing the formulae above by EPS: P/EPS = Payout Ratio (1+g)/(k-g). Thus, price earnings ratio is dependant on the following: the rate of growth, the required rate of return, and payout ratio. However, since the performance of Goodman Fielder has been very unstable, we will use the ratio multiplier to estimate the EPS of Goodman Fielder as shown below. Table 6: Approximated EPS Year 2011 2012 Market Price 0.639 Growth Rate 0.02 EPS 0.128 0.13056 Approx P/E Ratio 4.894301471 It is important to note that with the presence of many dynamics at Goodman fielder, the earning ratio has been changing constantly (Bowen et al. 1986). Price Book Ratio Likewise, Price book ratio = Equity market value/ Equity book value Price book ratio has been computed in the table below. Table 7: Price Book Ratio YEAR 2012-2014 2014-2012 2017 ONWARDS EBV 1754.4 1857.6 1771.6 EBVPS 0.8772 0.9288 0.8858 P/B 1.372253465 0.339369231 1.204338916 Discussion As we had seen, one of the main challenges that one is likely to face while evaluating a company like Goodman Fielder is the presence of many dynamics at play here (Head 2008). For example, data on stock returns for the past six years indicates a gradual dip in stock prices, which change on a continuous basis (Bowen et al. 1986). During our earlier analysis, we were able to observe a pattern of struggle and poor performance at Goodman Fielder (Chitou Ketz 1991). Generally, the overall trend of stock returns has been on a downward trend (Peasnell 1981). Although a number of catalytic activities have once in a while helpe d to stimulate the share prices to rise slightly, the general direction of the stock prices has been a dip (Head 2008). For example, on 6th January 2012, the stock prices for Goodman fielder rose by a third following a 10 percent acquisition of the company’s stake by Wilmer international limited (Ohlsen 1995). However, this particular rise of stocks was short-lived as share prices fell down again after some time (Bowen et al. 1986). Below is a graph showing an analysis of Goodman Fielder stocks in the past 18 months. As it can be seen, the performance has generally been poor. With such a trend, the Goodman Fielder shares have decreased their competitiveness in the stock market: hence, the observed dipping prices (Head 2008). The root mean square that was calculated by Excel’s regression was 0.19. As a result, about 19% of the risks that can be associated with Goodman Fielder are systematic (Peasnell 1981). Such Risks are related to trading activities at the stock mark et (Hitchner 2006). On the other hand, 81 percent of the risks that can be associated with Goodman Fielder are non systematic (Rappaport 1981). Such risks can be associated with the management of Goodman Fielder. From an analysis of the DDM model, we were able to obtain a stock price of 63.28 Cents (Chitou Ketz 1991). Such a value is comparable with the present value of the company’s stock at the share market (Hitchner 2006). However, it is still difficult to determine the accuracy of such a calculated value due to the volatile prices of the company’s share prices (leading to great variations in dividend payouts), which change constantly at the share market (Rappaport 1981). Still, the calculated value can hold for the period under which we evaluated the company (January 2006 to March 2012). On the other hand, our calculated value from cash flows was quite higher than the average share prices of Goodman Fielder (Chitou Ketz 1991). A possible explanation for such an a rrangement is the usual handling of large cash flows in companies that deal with perishables such as Goodman Fielder (Hitchner 2006). There is also a possibility of having taken wrong assumptions in our calculations, and, or errors in our computation (Jorgenson 1968). Due to a continual decrease in its share prices, the shares of Goodman Fielder could also be undervalued at the moment (Chitou Ketz 1991). In the last six years, the share prices of the (Goodman Fielder) company have decreased by over 50%. The management of Goodman fielder needs to develop innovative solutions that would steer their company back to the years of high profitability and high share capitalization (Rayburn 1986). Again, it is important to note that our understanding of the company from the models that have been evaluated above is limited (Scott 1992). Since such an evaluation is dependant on the usually speculative share market, we cannot depend on the company’s volatile share prices to arrive at ou r conclusions (Sainsbury 2010). Although many investors will use some of the methodologies that we have employed above to evaluate the potential of companies, their overall investments are usually based on speculation (Scott 1992). Still, since the performance of a company’s share price is proxy to the financial performance of a company, it can give us important information in evaluating a company (Sharpe 1964). The problem with shares like those of Goodman is that since they have been changing very gradually, it is difficult to associate specific share prices with the company’s performance (Sharpe 1964). The observed overall trend however has been a general decline in the price of the shares (Siegel 1985). Although the Dividends model approach has been useful in helping us to approximate a seemingly accurate value of Goodman fielder’s share price (based on comparison with other share prices), the cash flow system is a more accurate method of determining a compa ny’s share value (Sainsbury 2010). With a poor performance record that has recently streamed from the company (Goodman Fielder), the seemingly high price of shares that was approximated by the cash flow model indicates that the company is currently undervalued at the stock Market (Stewart 1991). In the direction of increasing its market share value, Goodman Fielder company needs to convince investors of its worth (Stiglz Weiss 1981). A robust and creative management will especially help in achieving such a goal (Stiglz Weiss 1981). Comment on Models We have used four different models to evaluate the financial performance of Goodman Fielder Company. These four models include the dividend valuation model, the cash flow model, the price earnings model and the price book value model. The value of Goodman Fielder share price that was approximated by the dividends ratio model is close to the stock performance of the company at the moment (Jorgenson 1968). t. Although the above mo del could have provided a useful approach in evaluating the share value of Goodman Fielder, a number of factors can compromise the accuracy of the DDM. As we have seen, the general performance of Goodman Fielder has been volatile, poor, and a bit unpredictable. It therefore means that the financial state of Goodman Fielder has been on a constant change (mostly in a negative direction). Dividend payouts from Goodman Fielder have reflected the unstable state of Goodman Fielder by changing constantly. Since we used the last dividend payouts to calculate the share price of Goodman Fielder (through the use of the DDM model), the price value that was calculated may not reflect the current state of Goodman Fielder. As it can be reflected in the 2011 half year a financial result, a lot has changed in Goodman Fielder since the last dividend payout. Moreover, with the current state of dismal performance, Goodman Fielder will likely avoid paying dividends payouts in the near future (as it has been doing lately); thus, presenting a difficulty in obtaining dividend values for feeding the DDM. Still, the main advantage that arises in the use of the DDM to calculate share values is the strong relationship that usually exists between share values and dividend payouts. However, for a company that has been moving in a difficult labyrinth like Goodman Fielder, it is not wise to use the DDM to calculate its share value (Collins Kothari 1989). For a company that is undergoing a crisis like Goodman fielder, the cash flow system is a more accurate method for determining the company’s share value (Sainsbury 2010). With a poor performance record that has recently streamed from the company (Goodman Fielder), it is wiser to rely on cash flows (rather than dividends) to calculate the share price of the company. Such a direction eliminates two major problems that were presented by the DDM; unsteady dividend payouts and lack of dividend payouts. As it is often the case, companies t hat are undergoing a crisis will prefer to reinvest resources than pay dividends (Stewart 1991). The cash flow model is therefore the best tool that can yield a more accurate and reliable value of a company’s share price than all the other approaches that we used. The share price of Goodman Fielder as per the cash flow model was much higher than the current share price of Goodman Fielder at the stock market (Ohlsen 1995). It is worth mentioning here that although the cash flow value was marginally higher than the stock value of Goodman fielder at the share market, the stock prices of Goodman Fielder have in recent years been performing better than the cash flow value. Here, the pointer of the cash flow value could be that the current share price of Goodman Fielder is undervalued. The calculated value of the earning ratio for Goodman Fielder is 9.2. This particular value is slightly different, but comparable with the 11 points value that has been approximated at the Bloomberg site. Our calculated price book value for Goodman Fielder Company is 1.33. Again, this particular value is different, but comparable to the 0.98 points value at the Bloomberg site. Although the price earnings ratio and the price book value are great in providing us with values that we can use to calculate share values for Goodman and fielder, they lack one important component in estimating share values-the future performance of Goodman and Fielder. Through the use of a growth rate, the DDM and cash flow models estimate the future performance of a company while estimating the current share value of a company. Conclusion During the past six years, the financial performance of Goodman Fielder has declined steadily. Such a direction has seen the company’s share value drop over the same period. While we obtained a yield from the dividends model that approximated the current value of shares at the stock market, the more accurate cash flows model yielded a value that was at least th rice the current share price. Since most stock investors like earning dividends, the stock market can thus value shares on the basis of dividend payouts (Strong Walker 1993). 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Strong, N. and Walker, M., 1993, â€Å"The Explanatory Power of Earnings for Stock Returns†, The Accounting Review, vol. 68, pp. 385-399 Tobin, J., 1969, â€Å"A General Equilibrium Approach to Monetary Theory†, Journal of Money Credit and Banking, vol.1, pp. 15-29 Viney, C., 2009, McGraths financial institutions, instruments and markets, McGraw-Hill Australia, Australia, pp 446-456 This report on Company Valuation Report: Goodman Fielder was written and submitted by user Shiloh Greene to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.