Walt Disney Cartoons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Walt Disney Cartoons - Essay Example The heroines are empowered in their actions, and idealized beauty is affirmed by their dressing. In this light, the texts form part of the popular discourse of femininity which encourages women to internalize gendered body norms. Women want to expose themselves in order to achieve the feminine character contained in the movies. These body styles are privileged since they adhere to the contemporary norms of feminism contained in the films. The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast introduce oppressive power structures which produce the desires claimed in the movies. In The Little Mermaid, the girls are constantly posing and preening themselves, and their main function is to entertain the king. This can be considered an oppressive and objectifying presentation of women (Baker and Raney, 2007). The male characters are presented in a possessive form in these movies. In The Little Mermaid, King Triton is portrayed as portrayed as an authority figure that has to be entertained by the gir ls through song and dance. Ariel is chastised and forbidden to make outside contracts by the king. Triton acts as a patriarchic figure and has confined Ariel from her aspirations. Gaston tells Belle that women should be banned from reading or having ideas (Budd, 2005). Gaston consider Belle an accessory that he should have and does not chase her out of love. The heroines are dominated by the male figures portraying their qualities of authenticity and self-determination. The male characters have objectifying gazes of sexual desires towards the heroines. These characters portray female characters as dependent people dominated by the male figures in the society (Budd, 2005). Female figures in the cartoons such as Ariel pose with... Cartoons and animated movies have taken the center stage in the current entertainment industry. Children and teens spend much of their time watching these movies and are likely to develop negative traits and attitudes due to the message contained in them. Sexism is evident in the way women and girls are portrayed. Cartoon creators portray women as unhappy and have to seek the right man in order to find happiness. Their dressing is usually scanty exposing significant amount of skin. The homosexuals are secluded and experience violence and hostility from other characters. This has a negative impact on homosexuals in the society watching these cartoons and other children develop negative attitudes towards homosexuals. Walt Disney has existed in the entertainment industry since the 1930s and has produced several animated cartoon movies. These movies are based on the activities evident in the society. The female characters are presented as sexist by dressing them scantily in order to expose their bodies. They are given less important roles in the movies than their male counterparts. Their presentation in these movies portrays them as sexual objects that have to depend on men. Male characters are given administrative roles and work in the cities while women perform household duties. Whites are usually given good traits and are at the highest point in the social structure. Minorities such as African Americans and Arabs have negative traits and participate in activities that are cruel or inhuman. Homophobia exists where homosexual characters have negative roles and have leadership inabilities. Therefore, Disney cartoons can classified as racist, sexist and homophobic.

Analysis of Keyblogger

Analysis of Keyblogger Keyblogger is basically a spyware. As indicated by its namesake, it logs or recors your keystrokes. When you type in your username or password, this information is logged and amde available to the hacker. Keyloggers can either be physical or software-based, the latter being more difficult to detect. A keylogger works in several different ways Each keystroke is recorded and immediately dispatched to some remote listener over the internet. Keystroke are collected ina temporary file, which is then periodically uploaded to the authors location over the internet. The keystrokes are collected in a temporary file, but much like a spam bot, can listen for and recieve instructions from the author. The logger could thus upload the collectedinformation when requested. The collected keystrokes could never be uploaded. Instead, if someone has remote access to your machine, or even physical access to your machine, they could simply come by and copy theinformation manually. Finally, the information may not even be kept on your machine. There are keyloggers that include a little flash memory and can be quickly inserted in between installing, the person behind it stops by and picks up the device containing all yourinformation. There are two methods for bypassing keyloggers, both which involve confusing the logger with random keystrokes. The first, when you need to enter a username or password, is to randomly insert irrelevant numbers and letters in between the same. Once entered, just select the random hits wih the mouse and delete them before logging in. The second is for foolingkeyloggers that capture all keystrokes and not just those typed in the password box. Enter your info randomly across the browser and search bars along with random numbers and letters. When you wish to log in, simply copy and paste the relevant bits into the log-in boxes. You can use KYPS, a reverse proxy server that takes a password, encrypts into a one-time code, printed from the KPYS web site that can be used to log into any computer safely. After being decrypted by the KYPS system and logged in, it deletes the one time code as a password. KYPS also acts as a normal proxy to protect your browsing history. When browsing, it displays the KYPS URL along with random characters and symbols to maximise security. The work offline option shouldnt be relied on too often. This feature is specific to Internet Explorer or the application with that function, and its not too hard for a keylogger to bypass something so narrow. Also, even if you physically pulled out the internet connection wire from your PC, only the first of the above approaches is rendered harmless. The keylogger can still quietly collect the data and transmit it when a connection is available. As such, there is no way to be 100% carefull against keyloggers. It depends on specific keyloggers most of the time. However, you should always remain careful and cautious when entering a cyber cafà ©

gutenberg Essay -- essays research papers

JOHANN GUTENBURG AND THE PRINTING PRESS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Long ago there was a man named Johann Gutenberg. He was a very intelligent man. He created one of the greatest inventions in history. He created the printing press. You may ask yourself, what is the printing press? I will soon explain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Johann Gutenberg was born in 1399 named Genefliesch zur Laden. He changed his name to Gutenburg after the name of his wealthy father’s house. Gutenberg died in 1468 in Mainz, Germany where he was born.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the footsteps of his father, he first trained as a goldsmith in Strasburg, Germany and joined the goldsmith’s guild in 1434. He moved back to Mainz and befriended Johann Fust who became his partner and provided him with money to create the printing press. The most well known publication was the Gutenberg Bible, which showed the perfection of his invention. Later Fust sued Gutenberg for possession of the Gutenberg Bible. No other information was ever recovered from this incidence but it is assumed that Johann Gutenberg got his hands on the printing press.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Gutenberg’s time, not everyone was educated. There was not enough time to hand-write hundreds or even thousands of books. So, instead of learning, people worked. In 1448, Johann Gutenberg made it possible for many people to learn. The printing press was a machine that could write many books with ink. Around this time there was a w...

Examine the Ideas of Manliness, Hostility and Aggression in a View from the Bridge. How Are These Ideas Connected?

Examine the ideas of Manliness, Hostility and Aggression in A View from the Bridge. How are these ideas connected? A View from the Bridge: a tragic drama piece, written by Arthur Miller and first published in 1955. Curtained by the never-ending dramatics of the play, is quite basically a fight for an unconditional love, portrayed by a man of whom perplexes his emotions like no other (Eddie Carbone). The play itself is set in the 1950’s; times when masculinity and dominance we’re vital for a man to obtain, and therefore prove to be key concepts during A View from the Bridge. Due to the constant battle to be the top of the hierarchy, a hostile atmosphere is continuously present within the circle of male characters. To be the more predominant man proves highly important; it gives them authority over the female characters, and status over the other males. The play has been written as a Greek Tragedy: a storyline of where a certain person is destined for disastrous misfortune (the Hero). Linking to this, is the opening narration spoken by Alfieri. Alfieri is a lawyer, and as he quotes â€Å"I am a lawyer .. We’re only thought of in connection with disasters†, you are automatically signalled that something bad is bound to happen at some point during A View from the Bridge. Eddie Carbone works as a longshoreman in New York. He lives with his wife Beatrice, and his niece Catherine. Eddie proves to be the protagonist within the first page of A View from the Bridge, of which is chorused by Alfieri (an ageing lawyer). From this, it is rather easy to acknowledge that Eddie is going to play a domineering role, and quite obviously the hero in this Greek Tragedy comparison. As I have previously mentioned, masculinity is highly important, and particularly important to Eddie. Being the utmost respected and powerful man proves rather essential to him during the play, as gives him domination over the household females. An example of this would be in Act Two, just after Eddie rings the immigration bureau. â€Å"Get them out the house†¦ Not tomorrow, do it now. †. Here he is giving Catherine orders in a rather authoritative manor, and this is a prime example of the way he speaks to the female characters. Eddie has incestuous desires for his niece, Catherine. This continues to be an ongoing problem throughout the entire play. It is quite clear to recognise Eddie’s feelings toward Catherine from the opening scene. When Catherine enters, Eddie is overly keen to know where she is going due to the way she is dressed (short skirt etc); he questions her before becoming complimentary about her appearance, because he is obviously panicking that she has dressed herself specifically to impress another male. Eddie quite clearly feels that as a man, he has a right to inquire when he feels necessary; possibly using this to conceal the fact he wants nothing more than direct control of Catherine’s life. â€Å"Beautiful† he quotes Catherine when observing her new hairstyle. Through the whole of A View from the Bridge, Eddie does not pay Beatrice one single compliment, which seems rather obscure, suggesting he has more admiration for his niece than his wife. Catherine constantly seeks Eddie’s approval, repeatedly asking him â€Å"You like it? about the way she looks. This tells the audience that Eddie has brought Catherine up to believe his opinion is always necessary, relating to the idea of masculinity and the dominance possessed by the household male. The actual reason Catherine dressed herself differently was due to the fact that she has been newly employed as a stenographer: somebody who specializes in the transcription of speech. Yet again, Eddie has something to sa y about the fact that Catherine has a job. â€Å"You can’t take no job. Why didn’t you ask me before you take a job? are his exact words when telling her rather directly how he sees the situation. He is implying that she should of asked for his permission before taking the job, and has disobeyed him by not doing so. This goes back to the idea of him being manly and sustaining his authorities. However, I do not think this is the only reason he doesn’t want Catherine taking the job. It is quite clear to see Eddie has more feelings for his niece than he should have, although during the first half of A View from The Bridge I don’t think he has discovered this for himself. From pinpointing that Eddie was overly bothered about the length of Catherine’s skirt, and her getting a job, it is clear for the audience to absorb that he does not want her to grow up, as this could possibly mean letting go and giving Catherine more independence than preferable. Although Eddie beholds a rather harsh identity, he proves himself a warm and welcoming man when his wife’s cousins immigrate to America in search of employment. Marco and Rodolfo are introduced into the household: quoting â€Å"You’re welcome Marco, we got plenty of room here†, Eddie comes across as a very considerate person. Marco greets Eddie with a firm shake to the hand, however Rodolfo does not. A hand shake is a typically manly gesture, and throughout the play it soon becomes clear that Rodolfo does not fit the stereotypical figure of a man. Eddie expects a man to be a breadwinner, to have obvious physical strength, power and domination. Rodolfo appears to not possess any of these qualities, of which soon proves a serious problem to Eddie. â€Å"Paperdoll.. chorus girl.. kid.. hit-and-run-guy†: these are just a minority of the nicknames given to Rodolfo throughout A View from the Bridge. Rodolfo shows himself as a man that does not fit all the categorical standards of a typical male, and as the play goes on we see how this controversial character shines a negative reflection onto Eddie, bringing him nothing but utter aggravation. Rodolfo likes to cook, sing, dance, and even make dresses. These feminine qualities that he possesses cause Eddie to become suspicious about his sexuality, although Miller makes it quite clear that Rodolfo is not a homosexual, when his relationship with Catherine begins to bloom. To Eddie’s dislike, Catherine takes an immediate shine to Rodolfo. When she asks him â€Å"You married too? †, it is quite clear she’s interested in him. Eddie is not in favour of Catherine becoming close to Rodolfo, and he clearly tries to discourage what he does by calling him petty nicknames. Underneath the front that Eddie puts on about hating Rodolfo, I think ,secretly, he is particularly jealous of him. The play is set in the 1950’s, and therefore there was a lot of pressure on men to live up to the expectations and be the typical male. Rodolfo is not afraid to be himself, even if it does go against all rules of typicality. In my opinion, Rodolfo is a very brave character for doing so: he has no fear of being judged, and I think Eddie is intimidated by this. Eddie has never known any different, and so he is automatically against this new idea of a man being slightly feminine. This tells us Eddie cannot cope with change, relating back to when I mentioned how he is unable to come to grips with the fact Catherine is maturing and becoming less reliant on him. In Act Two, a drunken Eddie makes the ridiculous decision to kiss both Catherine AND Rodolfo. He clearly does this in an attempt to clear all cobwebs, and try to see through to the truth about Rodolfo’s sexuality. Unfortunately for Eddie, he only comes to discover that Rodolfo is nothing more than a heterosexual . I also believe this was an act of bare desperation; Eddie could not think of any other way of getting through to Catherine how he feels, and obviously believed this was the only way to put a stop to her and Rodolfo’s relationship once and for all. However, the scene proves Rodolfo to be more manly than Eddie thought, when Rodolfo demands â€Å"Stop that! Have respect for her! †. Respect is an important quality for a man to have , especially in A View from the Bridge. Although saying this, when Eddie â€Å"pins his arms† (Rodolfo), it again goes back to the idea that Rodolfo fails in the physical department of manliness. This scene is a turning point for the audience, as from this they now know rather exactly how Eddie feels towards Catherine, and how insanely jealous he truly is of her and Rodolfo’s relationship. This is a serious downfall for Eddie, telling you that he is getting progressively closer to his Greek Tragedy ending. As an audience, it is evidently apparent that Marco is in complete contrast to his brother, Rodolfo. Straight away he is thought of as a real man: â€Å"Marco goes round like a man; nobody kids Marco†. This is quoted by Eddie, who quite obviously knows where he stands with Marco, and seems rather threatened by the fact that there are now two dominant male figures in the household. This goes back to when I mentioned how there is always a secret fight to be top of the hierarchy: it is just never made official. It is unnecessary for Marco to prove his manliness verbally, due to the fact that his physicality speaks for him. He demonstrates his strength in a rather protective manor, when he strains to lift a chair directly above Eddie’s head. He does this as a discrete warning, cautioning Eddie to leave his brother alone. When Eddie punches Rodolfo at the end of Act One, he makes it out to be a joke, but Marco is not silly, and clearly knows that it was nothing more than a camouflaged threat made toward Rodolfo. Marco uses physical communication; alerting Eddie that if need be, physically, he will always come out on top. When Marco does this, the other characters are oblivious to the fact that it was meant as a threat. However, the audience would be able to recognise exactly what Marco was implying; the staging would portray the shadowed aggressiveness of the gesture, and build serious tension. It would also add to the hostile atmosphere, that had been previously created by Eddie. Alfieri is another example of a conventionally masculine character. His predominate role in the play proves him an honest, helpful and firm man. The fact that he is a lawyer also tells you as an audience, that he possess a lot of power. I think the title of the play (A View from the Bridge), was in fact based around the role of Alfieri. It is as if he is playing God in this tragedy; he has the ability to look over and judge the situation, but remains un-bias and uninvolved (possibly a skill he has developed from his job). Alfieri has a view from the bridge, and is looking down on a fateful occurrence (Greek Tragedy) that he cannot prevent from happening. Just after Eddie’s death, Alfieri quotes â€Å"something perversely pure calls to me from his memory†. Due to the fact that Alfieri has been such an honest and trustworthy character throughout, this line could sway the audience into realizing that maybe there was a good side to Eddie, as well as bad. Eddie had a rather double-sided personality. Although his love for Catherine got the better of his character, underneath it was quite recognisable that he was generally a caring man that looked after his family very well. He was born poor, and worked hard as a longshoreman to ensure he was able to provide for his wife and niece. The background of the author himself (Arthur Miller), most probably had strong influential effects on the way A View from the Bridge was written. For example, his mother and father were polish immigrants; this relates to the storyline of A View from the Bridge, as Marco and Rodolfo are also immigrants. Miller obviously has a clear view of what he expects a man to be. He has made the main character (Eddie) a very typical man: domineering, strong, and respected by all. If Eddie’s death was a tragedy, then in Millers eyes he was obviously the hero of the play. Miller was born in 1915, and therefore raised around people who too, believed that these qualities were necessary if you were to be considered a real man. A View from the Bridge is a play largely involved in the historical/cultural context of the early 20th century. The ‘American Dream’ correlates directly to the storyline of A View from the Bridge. The American Dream is basically the idea that all humans are of an equal worth, and that all people should do things that give them a quotably â€Å"better, richer, and happier life. â€Å". Eddie’s perception of Rodolfo goes against this idea of the American Dream, because he believes that Rodolfo deserves to be lower in status than him, just because he is not the typical man. When Catherine begins to take an interest in Rodolfo, Eddie does his best to prevent their relationship progressing. â€Å"Don’t lay another hand on her unless you wanna go out feet first† are his exact words when thinking only of oneself. He is very selfish by doing this, and is potentially forbidding Catherine from living the American Dream (happier life). The Sicilian code of honour is another historical policy that relates to A View from the Bridge. The Sicilian code is basically a firm rule of extreme loyalty, solidarity and justice. The Mafia in the early 1900’s followed this code rather closely, for example: if someone was to hurt or even threaten a member of your family, you were to honour them and take an immediate action of revenge. The mafia’s law would justify the murder of Eddie Carbone, due to the fact Marco killed him purely because he posed a threat to Rodolfo. The female characters in A View from the Bridge are the main victims of hostility, manliness, and aggression in this play; Catherine in particular. Due to the fact that Eddie highly dislikes Rodolfo, there is a constant hostile atmosphere present within the household. Catherine is made to feel like she must choose between Eddie and Rodolfo, which again causes hostility. This is not a typical father/daughter relationship; it is clear for the audience to see this from the way Eddie behaves when Catherine and Rodolfo are together. Eddie lives in denial about the fact that he is in love with Catherine, and uses fury to disguise it. When Alfieri figures that Eddie has these strong feelings for his niece, he says â€Å"She can't marry you can she? â€Å"; Eddie does not know how to respond to this and again attempts to hide how he feels for Catherine by getting overly angry, â€Å"I don't know what the hell you're talkin' about! â€Å". The audience are affected by this as, making you pity Catherine and the awkward position she is in. Beatrice suffers from this also, as Eddie is her husband. In one scene they argue about sex, because Beatrice is receiving hardly any attention from Eddie due to his aggression and confidentiality throughout the play. Eddie is constantly taking his anger out on Beatrice, yet she never complains. However, in one scene she has clearly had enough and decides to stand up for herself and go against Eddie. â€Å"I want you to cut it out now, you hear me? I don’t like it! Now come in the house. † To this I think Eddie is quite startled, and replies with â€Å"I’ll be in right away†. Beatrice knows full well that Eddie has more feelings for Catherine than he should: â€Å"You want somethin' else, Eddie, and you can never have her! â€Å". In this quote I think jealously is getting the better of Beatrice, as she describes Catherine as a thing, rather than a person.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration Essay

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is an agency of the United Stated Department of Labor. OSHA is governed by Occupational Safety and Health Act. The agency will issue rules and regulations to maintain the safety and health at work place. Accordingly the employer should comply the standards to avoid work-related injuries including illnesses, deaths. The employer should make a set up for which the employees to report work-related injuries/illness. It is also responsibility of the employer to guide the employees so that they will be able to report work-related injuries/illness. The employees or former employees or their representative have right to access the OSHA injury and illness records with certain limitations. (1904. 35 (b) (1). Under 1910. 120 (b) (1), the employers should develop a written safety and health program for their employees who will be involved in hazardous waste operations. The program should be aimed to identify, evaluate and control safety and health hazards with a conclusion of a proper response for hazardous waste operations. Such safety and health program should include the details like organizational structure, comprehensive work plan, medical surveillance program, employer’s standard operating procedures for safety/health etc. Besides, the employer should notify to the employees with respect to the chemical, physical, and other toxicological properties that can be present on site. The notification should be present before when the employee is expected to perform functions at the site. (1910. 128 (c) (8). The supervisors and management responsible to give proper training to the employees where the hazardous substances, health hazards or safety hazards may expose and the employees supposed to receive the training under regulation of 1910. 120 (e) (1) (i). The employees are permitted to be engaged at hazardous substances, only after receiving training for which management/supervisors responsible to provide the training. The employees should also be trained to give emergency response where the hazardous substances may exist.

Dissolving Rate of Different Aspirin Tablets in Water Essays

Dissolving Rate of Different Aspirin Tablets in Water Essays Dissolving Rate of Different Aspirin Tablets in Water Paper Dissolving Rate of Different Aspirin Tablets in Water Paper Practical Experiment Report 11-11-2013 Introduction This experiment was designed to investigate and compare the rates at which different aspirin tablets dissolve in both Water (H20 [representing saliva]) and Hydrochloric Acid (HCI [representing the stomachs acid]). The amount of Water and Hydrochloric Acid will be kept constant between tablets, and tests. Aim To investigate and compare the rates at which different Aspirin Tablets dissolve. The different kinds of Aspirin tablets are: Enteric Coated Tablets Capsules Regular Tablets Dissolving Tablets. Each tablet will be dissolves in both Water and Hydrochloric Acid (representing saliva and stomach acid respectively). Hypothesis The Enteric Coated tablet will remain undissolved in both water and Hydrochloric Acid as the coating is designed to remain undissolved until reaching the small intestine. The dissolving tablet will dissolve the fastest in both water and Hydrochloric Acid as this tablet is designed to quickly dissolve in liquid. The capsule will soften but not completely dissolve in the water, however will dissolve in the Hydrochloric Acid. The Tablet will slowly dissolve in water, however more rapidly in Hydrochloric Acid however loosely comparable to the dissolving tablet. Equipment Water 2M Hydrochloric Acid Test Tubes or Beakers Stopwatch 2 x Aspirin Enteric Coated Tablets 2 x Aspirin Capsule 2 x Regular Aspirin Tablets 2 x Dissolving Aspirin Tablets Safety Glasse (Recommended) Gloves for handling Hydrochloric Acid Safety Precautions 2M Hydrochloric Acid will burn both skin and clothing Always wear eye protection while handling Hydrochloric Acid Avoid contact with Hydrochloric Acid. If in contact with skin, rinse off with copious amounts water (Recommended) Wear Gloves while handling Hydrochloric Acid 1. Collect equipment mL of Water and Hydrochloric Acid into separate beakers or test tubes 3. 2. pour Add a single type of tablet to each beaker or test tube and start stopwatch 4. Record changes in liquid throughout the dissolving process (opacity, colour, bubbles or fizzing) and record total time taken to dissolve tablet 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each kind of tablet. Results Tablet Changes Observed Time Taken to Dissolve (seconds) Hydrochloric Acid Enteric Coated Tablet Regular Tablet Dissolving Tablet Capsule Discussion Discussion of the results How this experiment could be made to relate more to the human body

fate in homer essays

fate in homer essays Besides the Olympian family of deities, there exists the concept of fate, moira, asia, that which is pepromenon. It is referred to interchangeably as a concept and as personified being(s), or a daimon. This figure, as Dietrich puts it are of a superhuman nature and each continually in the epic poems exerts its influence over the actions, and thoughts, success and failure of the human characters fate, however, is not a condition of action or its cause. It is, by definition only apparent after the fact, unless a god has made it clear, and in hectors last speech to Andromache fatalism is not a view of the future but a way of not thinking about it In a majority of the cases in the Iliad, Moira is concerned with death. I wish to look at it context of its death association but it is also instrumental in determining a mans destiny, such as that of Aineas . J.S Clay sees moira as the over all shape of a mans life and can linguistically be used to denote ones share as of respect. Since death is the invariable lot of men, moira frequently means death, although, there are other such words used such as mori, and oloe, ones fated drstruction. The Iliad being a poem of war, the acquired meaning of death seems most pertinent here as death was the most natural meaning in times of war. On many ancient grave inscriptions found, the word moira is often combined with the word thanatos in the Form of thanatos kai moira Dodds asserts that Moira should be written mot with a capital M if associated with ones personal lot, without understanding why a certain thing happened, only when it is signified as a personal goddess who dictates to Zeus or a cosmic destiny like the Hellenistic Heimarmene. Although the Moirae are three, fate is one; and although each man has his own fate, it is nevertheles...

Religion Coursework

Religion Coursework Religion Coursework Religion Coursework Writing Tips for Students If a student has to write a religion coursework, there are a lot of thing under discussion and the topic should be chosen according to the knowledge and own preferences of the student Religion as a subject is useful for the study of intercultural concepts and opinions The knowledge of the other religion principles can play a great role in the personal views. A religion course module presupposes the 40% of the final grade, so it is essential part to understand that writing religion course work should be careful and meet all the requirements. Subject of religion embraces a vast portion of the never-answered questions, so your religion coursework should base on the existing beliefs and religions studying. What Are The Main Difficulties Students Face? It is a great workload for the student to look through a plenty of books and materials. And the difficulty lies also in the fact, that religion is connected with other sciences such as ethics and philosophies, so many students become confused while getting an assignment to write a religion coursework: Using different methods during analysis will be a great plus to the grade, because historical comparison and literary critics can tell much religion and its essence within the bounce of the humanitarian sciences. Also a student can choose own topic, but sometimes it is not an easy cake to cook, especially if a student should choose the topic within the bounds of the given area. The areas can be branches of the religions, such as Buddhism, Christianity and others. Often a student can be offered to write about the religion, which is not his or her own. It is done for the students can learn about the environmental world more and can discuss and compare the level of the development and also in some cases to choose the right direction for own living. The Aims of The Writing Religion Coursework Can Be Following: Disclosing an ability of a student in discussion and telling in own words about other beliefs and traditions. The history is a rich science and there are a lot of directions where young scientists can try their efforts. Investigation of the various events and societies within one religion. This knowledge can help in the future to develop the intellectual level of student. Various symbols can be discussed in the religion coursework. Comparison of two or more branches of religions. You have an excellent opportunity to try your analysis ability and have double-learning of two religions. It would be great if you take two religions, which are unknown to you and you will be a real researcher. Discussion of religion in general. The student may look through the main causes, which influences the person and his or her beliefs. Writers of our team are devoted to the hard work on the given topic and assignment. They know how to write an exclusive essay, dissertation or religion coursework. Wide experience and high professionalism of our team can assure you that the maximum satisfaction will be if you will order the work at our site. Read also: College Application Essay American College Essay Assistance University Admission Essay Statement of purpose essay Scholarship Essay Format

Sustainable Stakeholder Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sustainable Stakeholder Capitalism - Essay Example This is because employing macro level practical reforms will create a systematic integrity in the financial institutions across the globe. This is essential because it will contribute to responsible risk management for the SSC in the present and future. One of the factors that contributed to unethical economic environment of the Great Global Recession is unregulated capitalism. Unregulated capitalism in the field of economics is one of the risk factors contributing to economic crisis. Petrick argue that the irrational market actors whose aim is to fulfill their self-interest and their unethical behaviors employed in accumulating wealth can be one of the challenges to the economy of a state. This is because it creates economic imbalances in a country and this contributes to other associated problem such as poor resource distribution in an economy. The capitalism nature and ineffective managerial education contributed to the global recession; thus non-market and market stakeholders were unable to prevent capitalism. Secondly, poor market-based regulatory solutions in the global economy contributed to economic crisis. The ineffective fiscal and monetary policies failed to reignite residential investments; thus contributed to financial crisis. The government employs poor fiscal policy in regulation of business activities. Moreover, the unregulated marketing principles contributed to poor price determination in many entities. The managers employed poor managerial theories and practices that affected the marketing activities. For instance, the Wall Street banking and other financial banks employed speculative risks that affected the investors. Lastly, overuse of resources due to need of increasing wealth, and this contributed to resource depletion. The resource overuse resulted due to managerial competences whereby many actors wanted to expand and

Paraphrasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Paraphrasing - Essay Example The heart of the house is an interior connector located in the hall. The materiality of the house could only be described as massive, timeless and substantive. The vertical design aims to benefit users from the sun. The irregular, thick perforations have been arranged in line with the interior visuals resulting in a non-obvious, primitive order. The principal actor in this house, and also on the land where it occurs, is the tectonics system where an eighteen-meter beam has been suspended, ceiling placed on structural walls and a crack dug in the ground in an effort to save steep drop. 2- A House in a Wine Road – This is an innovative house, a result of the architectural acumen of Lisbon, Portugal’s Plano B. It uses the hybrid earthen wall which combines wattle and daub, cob and rammed earth, resembling the boxed method which was employed in the momentous Briones House, California. This project reconstructs from an existing ruin with the site located in an environmental protection area. Thus, the architects had to keep the use, position and height of previous building, proposing to use previous materials, namely earth, stone and wood, to rebuild, but adopting a different design. The firm developed an intricate building skin, integrating traditional methods of construction with contemporary materials. Wood from the previous construction was used for structural framing while stones were used in laying the foundation. It is a â€Å"do-it-yourself† model where residents are greatly involved in construction works. For effective ventilation and insu lation, cork boards, reinforced by polycarbonate plates combined with natural materials such as stone, wood and earth, were used to construct the exterior skin. Using industrial materials, including concrete, asphalt and polycarbonate, this project could be considered as a model for sustainable practice, upholding an acute approach to expressive

Communications Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communications Study - Essay Example Despite this, the fans have seen a more settled and confident United in the past few weeks, reminiscent of the spirit instilled by the iconic Sir Alex Ferguson, with a sharp attacking force that combines brilliantly with the ever- improving defense. Without the services of the injured and robust Diego Costa, the attacking force of the Blues is jeopardized. Given his seven point lead at the top of the table, the cunning Jose Mourinho will opt for a mere draw, as his team requires only three wins from a possible eight to be crowned the new English Champions. With his tactical prowess, Mourinho will look out to shut the on-form Manchester United midfielder, Maroune Fellaini who has proven to be a menace in aerial ball control. The ex- Everton man’s abilities have stretched the defenses of many fierce sides, such as Manchester City, Liverpool and Tottenham Hotspurs. Despite this, Louis van Gaal and his devils are out to spoil the party for the Chelsea fans at their own home turf, the Stamford Bridge. Previous records show that Chelsea are a hard side to beat at this stage of the competition, but football lovers and followers know that the story is totally different when dealing with an on-form Manchester United squad. With the Chelsea manger taunted for his over defensive tactics, the rhetoric Louis van Gaal was quick to tame the tension. â€Å"To build a champion team, you must have a system that not only scores goals, but also brilliant in defense,† said a relaxed van Gaal. Mourinho, on the other hand, hopes to rub salt in the wounds of the Red Devils, who are on a revenge mission having had a disappointing start of the year. He is out to put a stamp on his name â€Å"The Chosen One† having led Chelsea to the first trophy success of the season against Tottenham Hotspurs in the Capital One Cup finals. The timid Mourinho, however, is quick to write out the threat

POST WAR FILMS Wings of Desire etcc Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

POST WAR FILMS Wings of Desire etcc - Term Paper Example The movie fantasy genre is based on the build up the movie was awarded being that the characters are angels who are some of the major characters in the film. The romance genre in the movie has been brought forth by the relationship established from the angel characters in the movie. Through the comparison with other related movies, the cinematic techniques in the movie this paper will bring out the historical back ground of the movie and the aesthetic aspects that builds up from the character relations within the movie and the related movies. From the background of the prior films that have been done by Wim Wanders, a number of those have been awarded both the English and the German titles. These include such movie as the ‘Reverse angle’ and the ‘Room 666’. From such movies, Wim Wanders acquired the experience of using the German setting in his movies which he later came to transfer to the movie Wings of desire. In relation to the cinematography techniques t hat have been appealed in the movie, one can clearly relate the experience gained by Wim from the prior movies as the plat form and foundation of the experience. There are certain techniques that can be said to have been reveled in relation to the cinematography techniques. ... Another aspect that can be said to appeal to the nature of the movie is that the movie is a Franco-German movie. This is a special alliance that came in place after the Second World War, at this time, the enmity that existed between France and Germany ended. The movie basis The movie basically embodies a story between angel and mortals, the director then award the angels a characteristic that they are invisible. Ideally, the angels are comfort givers for the families in Berlin. The two angels in the movie are unseen to the humans who from their side are able to see. The angels listen to the thoughts of the people and then offer them comfort. From the movie plot there are settings which establish and breaks down the movie main plot and the sub plot. The main plot of the movie is centered on the relationship that is established from Daniel’s desire to be with the beautiful trapeze girl who he fall in love with deeply and starts allowing the considerations of turning to human so as to be with her. The romantic theme is established further in the relationship between Damiel and Marion. This is brought out by the fact that the two aspire to be with each other, the barrier between them that is the mortality of Marion and the immortality of Damiel is equally significant as it build up most parts of the movie plot. Damiel aspires to be mortal as he wishes and longs for the things that the mortals undertake in the likeness of the human sensory pleasures and the touch of a loved one. Marion on the other hand also wishes she was immortal which she clearly bring out in her Cinematography techniques One of the most significant techniques that are used in the movie is the use

Social Responsibility of The Athletes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Responsibility of The Athletes - Essay Example They have an influential power that can bring people from different cultures or religious to come up with amazing strategies in the society (Smith, 2013). They can allow the people through their different activities related to the society. They should be confident, honest and supportive. They have to get past to athlete’s association and personal advisers and think about what is best for the people of their nation. Athletes stand a better chance of making the world a better place. This is attributed to the fact that they are public figures and command a great following. The less fortunate people in the society are as much important as the athletes themselves, their coaches as well as their fans. Athletes have the responsibility to fight for social justice. They should be ready to part of their huge salaries for the sake of recognition of the people’s rights and better living condition. Some of the top earners in sports include; Aaron Rodgers, North American who plays football for Green Bay Packers earns 43 million USD per year, Drew Bees, the North American football player for New Orleans Saints earns 40 million USD per year, just to mention but a few (Neto, 2013). These players can give the portion of their salaries to charity or projects and programs aimed at helping the needy. They should be ready to stand by what is right and what they believe even if they are criticized. Athletes can change lives through social responsibility. The reason is that athletics have the power to bring about strong emotions and encourage health, friendship, and respect. They are able to support and inspire people with intellectual disability through sports. Sports help them to improve physical fitness, show courage, and be involved in the sharing of gifts; talents and friendship. The Union of European Football Association’s (UEFA) social responsibility partners see this as an outstanding job.

An experience that helped you discover a principle to live by Essay

An experience that helped you discover a principle to live by - Essay Example My parents could not give me all the caring and pampering that the children of well to do families used to get. The privileges of the rich children always irritated me as I was deprived of all such amenities. Actually, I was not finding fault with my parents through my resentment rather than cursing my fate. Despite having such hatred in my mind for being born in a lower middle class family, I was never ready to share my thoughts even with my best friends. It was at this stage Rose and I became friends. Rose was a cheering girl who never complained about anything. Everybody liked her character as she was very enthusiastic and happy always. I was proud of being her best friend. However, there was something strange with Rose, for she was repeatedly absent from school. One day, I happened to visit her home with my class teacher as Rose had been absent for several days. We were surprised to see Rose working in a nearby house for lower bucks. Rose’s father died when she was a little child. Thereafter it was her mother who lately fell sick brought her up. Rose and her mother lived in a little hut that was partly dilapidated and demolished. Rose had no alternative other than seeking a job to take up the responsibilities. We both were taken aback hearing the touching story of little Rose. I could not comprehend how Rose remained cheerful even at the adverse condition. I realized one thing that I was fairly wealthy when compared to Rose; however, it was pity that I always complained about my deprivation. Rose gave me a new outlook and taught me that happiness of life depends on how we perceive life experiences. One can either turn disheartened or find out new dimensions of true happiness by initiating responsibilities. Majority of people tend to assume the first option in times of unforeseen events. Rose dared accepting the latter one even at the younger ages. I realized that I had been competing with myself

Social Responsibility of The Athletes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Responsibility of The Athletes - Essay Example They have an influential power that can bring people from different cultures or religious to come up with amazing strategies in the society (Smith, 2013). They can allow the people through their different activities related to the society. They should be confident, honest and supportive. They have to get past to athlete’s association and personal advisers and think about what is best for the people of their nation. Athletes stand a better chance of making the world a better place. This is attributed to the fact that they are public figures and command a great following. The less fortunate people in the society are as much important as the athletes themselves, their coaches as well as their fans. Athletes have the responsibility to fight for social justice. They should be ready to part of their huge salaries for the sake of recognition of the people’s rights and better living condition. Some of the top earners in sports include; Aaron Rodgers, North American who plays football for Green Bay Packers earns 43 million USD per year, Drew Bees, the North American football player for New Orleans Saints earns 40 million USD per year, just to mention but a few (Neto, 2013). These players can give the portion of their salaries to charity or projects and programs aimed at helping the needy. They should be ready to stand by what is right and what they believe even if they are criticized. Athletes can change lives through social responsibility. The reason is that athletics have the power to bring about strong emotions and encourage health, friendship, and respect. They are able to support and inspire people with intellectual disability through sports. Sports help them to improve physical fitness, show courage, and be involved in the sharing of gifts; talents and friendship. The Union of European Football Association’s (UEFA) social responsibility partners see this as an outstanding job.

Minimum Wage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Minimum Wage - Essay Example Based on research and statistics, it should be said that minimum wage rates, when increasing rather than remaining steady, have broad negative consequences to state and federal economies. THE EVIDENCE Some of the highest state-issued minimum wage rates are Vermont at $8.46, Washington at $9.04 and Oregon at $8.80 (Parrott, 1). The intention of these increases was to improve poverty rates and also stimulate more consumption in the economy. However, a very recent news article indicates that the unemployment rate in Oregon has increased to 8.9 percent in September, up almost a whole percentage point in August (Foden-Vencil, 1). In Washington state, the unemployment rate rose from 8.3 percent in June to 8.6 percent in September (PSBJ, 1). In Vermont, the unemployment rate rose from 4.7 percent to five percent in August (CT Post, 1). Why is this significant? The New England Public Policy Center indicates that rises in the minimum wage rate make it more inviting for business owners to cut employee benefits in an effort to offset higher payroll costs. A current study discovered statistically that when minimum wage rates increase by 20 percent, business-sponsored health care offerings to employees also decrease by four percent (NEPPC, 8). Because many business owners do not like to carry the stigma that is usually associated with social judgment for non-compliance to corporate social responsibility, they will often reduce hours of existing employees rather than slashing health care benefits (NEPPC, 8). All of these efforts are intended to prevent significant capital losses that occur when the minimum wage rates increases, especially important for small business owners without a strong cash or market position. Three of the states having the highest minimum wage rates also all have increases in the unemployment rate at the state level. According to the National Center for Public Policy Research, minimum wage hikes actually cause job losses in the long-term (NCPPR, 1). Th is is because it is usually the small business owner that offers jobs at a minimum wage, however small businesses make up the majority of businesses currently operating in the United States. At the same time, small business owners are experiencing inflationary increases in their supply chain, cost of health care provision, distribution and transportation for finished products, and utility costs. Therefore, significant spikes in minimum wage cannot be offset except through investment and hedging strategies, which is something that small business is not in a position to consider. Texas is one example of a state with a low minimum wage, in-line with the federal rate of $7.25. This state saw a very modest increase in unemployment from July to September, however, the unemployment rate was nearly 100 percent stable from 2010 through most of 2012 (ycharts.com, 1). Unlike other states with significant wage increases and sharp increasing spikes in unemployment, Texas seems to defy the direct relationship between wage increases and unemployment rises. The same is true for Ohio, which also maintains a rate of $7.25, and this particular state saw modest drops month after month in 2012, with a currently stable rate of 7.25 percent, down from over 10% in 2010. This implication in this case, when compared to higher rates, is quite obvious. At the federal level, minimum wage also has negative consequences when it is raised. It should however, to prevent bias from the analysis, recognize that higher wage increases provide

Inborn errors of metabolism

Inborn errors of metabolism 1.0 Abstract Inborn errors of metabolism occurs 1 in 5000 births collectively. They can be treated if the inborn error is diagnosed properly and early. They are manly caused by a gene defect that blocks vital metabolic pathways. The can be server, which is mainly due to amount of enzymes that is causing the block or deficiency of the reaction product. This can affect the organs and also have local effect such as lysosomal storage disease. The symptoms can vary, from mild to severe. They affect any organs and occur at any time. To recognise the Inborn Errors of Metabolism, the doctor must be suspicious; for example a baby that show signs of antecedent maternal fever should undergo a blood culture and also undergo simple tests such as Amino acids, Organic acids, Glucose, Electrolytes, Lactate, and Ammonia; which is done in the laboratory. 2.0 Abstract Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are a group of genetic disorders that are rare. These disorders are genetic diseases that are involved in metabolism disorders. A large section of these disorders arise from single genes that encodes for enzymes; that have been defective. These enzymes are important that they catalyses chemical reactions converting substrates to products essential for everyday living. Inborn errors of metabolism disorders can arise from a number of conditions such as prolong exposure and accumulation of substances which are toxic, and the interference of normal functions and the inability to produce and synthesize essential compounds. Inborn errors of metabolism has related to defects in or damage to a developing foetus that may have been caused to genetic changes, that is why Inborn errors of metabolism is sometimes referred as congenital metabolic diseases. Inborn errors of metabolism have also been linked to heritable disorders within biochemistry, for example phe nylketonuria (PKU). That is why some times it is referred as inherited metabolic diseases as well. In the perspective of changes of normal mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions, IEM can divided into three useful groups that can be analysed diagnostically. Group 1: Disorders which causes intoxication. Group 2: Disorders involving energy metabolism. And Group 3: Disorders involving complex molecules. 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Inborn Errors of Metabolism In the early 1900s, a researcher called Sir Archibald Garrods based his studies on genetic metabolic disorders and discovered IEM [1, 2]. He was known for his work on the one gene, one enzyme hypothesis, based on his studies on the nature and inheritance of alkaptonuria. And gave the name and wrote a book on IEM (The Incidence of Alkaptonuria: a Study in Chemical Individuality.) [1, 2]. IEM can arise from a number of causes, but the major cause is alteration of a specific metabolic reaction [1, 2]. IEM has been shown to develop at a very young age, where epidemiology findings indicated that hundreds of IEM affects about 1 in every 5000 born babies [2]. But as technology advances and improved techniques such as metabolomics, has been easy to develop newborn screening that improves early diagnosis and treatment in a number of IEM disorders [2]. But as these new techniques cost a lot to run and time increases, proving to be unreliable [2]. The study and the knowledge about inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) have improved due to the latest advancement in technology and techniques [2, 3]. These improvement have led us to the conclusion, for example urea cycle disorders and organic acidemias may and will lead to the accumulation of ammonia, which is a toxic product of amino acid metabolism [2, 3]. Also the latest findings are that inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) may impair brain function due to defects in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and disorders in gluconeogenesis [4]. There are 10 facts that need to take inconsideration when people with IEM undergo clinical diagnosis [5]. Common condition such as, intoxication, encephalitis and brain tumours in older patients and also sepsis have to be analysed properly and always consider IEM in the same field [5]. Symptom that persists and that are unexplained even before, during and after initial treatment and usual investigations has been performed, have to be taken to consideration that it could be IEM [5]. Newborn babies that have organ dysfunction, hypo-perfusion, or hypotension can develop sepsis, which can be caused by IEM. So any babies in neonatal intensive care unit that die, the first cause that has to be taken to account is IEM [5]. Have to take extra care in reviewing all autopsy findings [5]. The examiner must not confuse a symptom for example peripheral neuropathy; or syndrome such as sudden infant death with etiology [5]. IEM can develop and present at any age, for example from foetal life to old age [5]. The examiner must take to account that not all genetic metabolic errors causes are due to hereditary and transmitted recessive disorders, but a large section of individual cases are sporadic [5]. Always consider inborn errors of metabolism are open to treatment for example with patients that have inborn errors of metabolism due to intoxication [5]. In server situations, the examiner will need to take a few patients with IEM that are able to diagnose and treat the patient with IEM [5]. The examiner must be open to obtain help from specialised centres that specialise with IEM [5]. The metabolic disorders can be set into three useful groups that can easily be distinguished from each other [5, 6, 7]. These three groups are sorted from a pathophysiological point of view [5, 6, 7]. The groups are; Group 1: Disorders which is caused by intoxication [5, 6, 7]. Group 2: Disorders involving energy metabolism [5, 6, 7]. And Group 3: Disorders involving complex molecules [5, 6, 7]. 1.2 Group 1- Disorders which is caused by intoxication In this group, it describes inborn errors of intermediary metabolism. These inborn errors cause acute of progressive intoxication from long exposure and increase of toxic compounds, forming a metabolic block [5, 6, 7]. In group 1 the inborn errors are manly amino acid catabolism [5, 6, 7]. These include phenylketonuria, where there is a deficiency in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH); which is needed to metabolise the amino acid phenylalanine to the amino acid tyrosine [5, 6, 7]. Homocystinuria is an inherited disorder of the metabolism of methionine [5, 6, 7]. Tyrosinemia is where body cannot break down the amino acid tyrosine [5, 6, 7]. Also organic acidurias such as methylmalonic acidemia, and propionic acidemia [5, 6, 7]. Sugar intolerances are also classified in group 1 [5, 6, 7]. These include hereditary fructose intolerance caused by a deficiency of liver enzymes that metabolise fructose. Metal toxication also falls under group 1; such as hemochromatosis, where the patient has accumulated a lot of iron [5, 6, 7]. All these metabolic disorders have something in common, in that they do not affect the embryo development, and also show similar symptoms of clinical intoxication [5, 6, 7]. A patient with group 1 disorders may show an acute signs of vomiting, coma and liver failure; or chronic signs which are cardiomyopathy, developmental delay and failure to thrive. Acute symptoms that can worsen are catabolism, fever, and food intake [5, 6, 7]. The analysis in group 1 is easy, and without any complications [5, 6, 7]. It needs the use of chromatography in which the plasma and urine amino acid. Most of group 1 disorders are treatable. Treatment is usually involves special diets and cleansing drugs such as sodium benzoate and penicillamine, to remove the toxins [5, 6, 7]. The inborn error of amino acid synthesis is also included to this group, as they have the same or similar features [7, 8]. They are inborn errors of intermediary metabolism; the analysis requires the plasma and urine where disorders are able to be treated even when the disorder starts with in the uterus, for example 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency [5, 6, 7, 8]. 1.3 Group 2- Disorders involving energy metabolism In this group inborn errors are errors of intermediary metabolism as well. The symptoms are mainly caused by a lack of energy production or utilization. This will involve the liver, myocardium, muscle, and brain [5, 6, 7]. There are two types of disorders involving energy metabolism. 1. involves mitochondrial energy defects. 2. involves cytoplasmic energy defects [5, 6, 7]. Mitochondrial energy defects are more aggressive and are not fully treatable [5, 6, 7]. Mitochondrial energy defects cause lactic acidemias where there is dextrorotatory lactic acid in the circulating blood, resulting to defects of the pyruvate transporter resulting to PKU, pyruvate carboxylase this causes lactic acid to accumulate in the blood, pyruvate dehydrogenase where the patient can show symptoms of severe lethargy, and defects in the Krebs cycle [5, 6, 7]. But some defects such as fatty acid oxidation and ketone body defects are partly treatable [5, 6, 7]. Cytoplasmic energy defects are not as much aggressive then mitochondrial energy defects. A cytoplasmic energy defect causes disorders of glycolysis, glycogen metabolism and gluconeogenesis [5, 6, 7]. And recent study showed it causes disorders of creatine metabolism which it is partly treatable by oral creatine supplementation [5, 6, 7]. Cytoplasmic energy defects can cause disorders that are untreatable, such as errors of the pentose phosphate pathway which will be described in further details [5, 6, 7]. In group 2, the common symptoms are heart muscle disease, hypoglycaemia, myopathy which is a muscular disease, cardiac failure, specific failure of the circulation, sudden death especially in infancy [5, 6, 7]. Mitochondrial disorders and as well as the pentose phosphate pathway defects can obstruct embryo-foetal development and give rise to dysmorphism, dysplasia causing an abnormality in maturation of cells within a tissue and congenital disorder [5, 6, 7, 9]. The analysis and the diagnosis are hard to put through as it requires 4 different tests [5, 6, 7]. 1. Function tests [5, 6, 7]. 2. Enzymatic analyses needing biopsies [5, 6, 7]. 3. Cell culture [5, 6, 7]. 4. Molecular analyses [5, 6, 7]. 1.4 Group 3- Disorders involving complex molecules. Group 3 involves cellular organelles [5, 6, 7]. The diseases that fall under group 3 modify the synthesis or the catabolism of complex molecules [5, 6, 7]. There are symptoms that are permanent and progressive, and some symptoms free from intercurrent events [5, 6, 7]. In this group there are disorders such as lysosomal storage disorders, peroxisomal disorders and inborn errors of cholesterol synthesis etc. In this group treatment is difficult would need enzyme replacement therapy, especially for lysosomal disorders [5, 6, 7, 10]. 2.0 General Symptoms and Signs There is a way for testing newborn babies for inborn errors [11]. This process is called Newborn screening. This tests babies at a very early age for four types of diseases that are treatable: genetic, endocrinologic, metabolic and hematologic diseases [11]. Dr Robert Guthrie was a microbiologist who designed a dried blood spot testing, and used it to screen for phenylketonuria [12]. To this present day that spotting test is still being used. As techniques have improved so have the screening [12]. A physician who is screening a newborn baby for a metabolic disorder has follow four groups of clinical circumstances: The physician must find early symptoms, especially in the antenatal and neonatal period of development. In the later stages the physician must find symptoms that are server and recurring. Symptoms such as coma and vomiting. If the physician finds any symptoms that are chronic and aggressive, they could be due to three things: 1) Gastrointestinal. 2) Muscular. 3) Neurological. These will be described in more detail below The physician must find any signs of cardiomyopathy, hepatomegaly etc. This could lead to organ failures. The three groups have symptoms that are chronic and aggressive that can be easily ignored or misinterpreted. 2.1 Gastrointestinal Symptoms. If a patient has inborn errors of metabolism (IEM), the person might have symptoms that fall under the Gastrointestinal Symptoms (GI) group [13]. These symptoms include Anorexia, which is an eating disorder [5, 13]. Osteoporosis which untreated could lead to bones fracturing. Chronic vomiting, feeding difficulties, and failure to thrive are also symptoms of (GI). But they are also associated with chronic diarrhoea [5, 13]. This could lead to false and the wrong diagnosis [5, 13]. There are two groups that have been described to have caused chronic diarrhoea and failure to thrive within inborn errors of metabolism: These disorders include errors of the intestinal mucosa or the exocrine function of the pancreas, for example congenital chloride diarrhoea, glucose- galactose malabsorption a condition in which the cells lining the intestine cannot take in the sugars. Lactase and sucrose-isomaltase deficiencies where the person is unable to metabolise lactose or sucrose. Abetalipoproteinemia type II disorder that interferes with the normal absorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins from food [5, 13]. Enterokinase deficiency; Enterokinase is an enzyme involved in human digestion. Acrodermatitis enteropathica, a condition that affects that absorption of Zinc. Etc [5, 13]. Systemic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, diabetes, sickle cell disease, sarcoidosis, etc can also give rise to GI abnormalities. A problem has risen in distinguishing systemic abnormalities and inborn error of metabolism and vice versa [5, 13]. 2.2 Muscle Symptoms. There are a number of symptoms that fall under this group. For example: Hypotonia, where there is a disorder that causes low muscle tone and strength [5, 14]. Muscular weakness and poor muscle mass [5, 14]. These symptoms are common with many inborn errors of metabolism. These symptoms can be caused by urea cycle defects and many amino acid metabolism disorders [5, 14]. Recent studies have shown that the cause of muscle symptoms can be due to mutations in the monocarboxylate transporter 8 gene, which can develop Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome [14]. Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome falls under the muscle symptoms group as it causes hypotonia, general weakness of the muscle, reduced muscle mass and delayed development [14]. Further studies showed that this X-linked mental retardation syndrome is involved in the transport of triiodothyronine into neurones and disrupts the blood levels of thyroid hormone [14]. 2.3 Neurological Symptoms. Patients with inborn errors often have neurological symptoms. These include of neurological abnormalities, in the central and peripheral system. Studies have shown that these neurological symptoms are very frequent with inborn errors [5, 15]. These symptoms include poor feeding, hypotonia, ataxia, and even autistic features [5, 15]. The analysis of inborn errors, due to the screening of neurological symptoms is very difficult due to symptoms that are non specific signs; sings that include for example developmental delay, and hypotonia [15]. 3.0 Screening Newborns for Inborn Error of Metabolism 3.1 Newborn screening Newborn screening is a technique, used to detect inborn errors [17, 12]. It was first used to detect phenylketonuria (PKU) by a bacterial inhibition assay, developed in the 1961 by Dr Robert Guthrie as already stated. His technique in using dried blood sample was further developed in the mid 1975, where a scientist called Dussault used a method to screening for congenital hypothyroidism [16]. A lot of time and money has been invested into the screening programme, and now they have uncovered new disorders that are related to inborn errors [17, 12]. Disorders such as cystic fibrosis, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which is a form mutation of genes that produces enzymes that mediating production of cortisol from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and many more [5]. To this present day, for screening newborns, tandem mass spectrometry is used [18]. It is a lot easier for screening and diagnosis. The application of tandem mass spectrometry to newborn screening was first described in 1990 [18]. The primary aim of newborn screening is to identify patients, manly infants with serious disorders that are treatable [18]. This will make it easy to prevent or improve clinical symptoms of the disease [18]. Tandem mass-spectrometry is very useful in detecting more than one disorder at one time [18]. This can be used to detect early untreatable disorders and also can be beneficial if the screening was not limited to just individual babies, but the whole family as well [18]. The screening process uses MSMS [18]. MSMS is the method used to measure analytes by both mass and structure [18]. First the compounds are ionised, where the first mass spectrometer selects the ion of interest, where it is sorted by weight [18]. Then the compounds travel through a collision cell, are dissociated to signature fragments, and then pass into a second mass spectrometer where ions are selected for detection. [18]. 3.2 Method for screening Research have been done where most newborn screening programmes use simplifying sample preparation, instead derivatisation of the sample which is the old method [18]. When investigating, the sample might show more than one disorder. But the use of ratio of analytes improves sensitivity and specificity [19]. Specialised biochemical genetic testing is always done to verify which type of disorder the patient has [18]. Theses genetic tests include amino acid analysis, organic acid analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and plasma acylcarnitine profile by MSMS [18]. 4.0 Screening for Individual Inborn Errors of Metabolism Well over 40 inborn errors of metabolism can now be detected by newborn screening [20]. This section will look at three inborn errors. 4.1 Pentose Phosphate Pathway The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is an anabolic pathway where is uses a 6 carbon glucose to generate a 5 carbon sugars and reducing equivalents, as shown in Fig. 1. There are three primary functions of this pathway [21]: To generate reducing equivalents, such as NADP forming NADPH. NADPH allows reduction biosynthesis reactions to occur within cells [21]. To produce ribose-5-phosphate (R5P) for the cell, for the synthesis of the nucleotides and nucleic acids [21]. Can metabolise dietary pentose sugars that are derived from digestion of nucleic acids [21]. These also rearrange the carbon skeletons of dietary carbohydrates into glycolytic/gluconeogenic intermediates [21]. 4.1.1 Disorders of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway There are three inborn error in the pentose phosphate pathway that have been identified [21]. 4.1.2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency The enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), catalyses the reaction that converts glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate. This creates one mole of NADPH each for every mole of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) that enters the PPP [21]. A deficiency would lead to an error to the first irreversible step of the pathway [21]. This would lead further to a lower production in NADPH, making the cell more acceptable to oxidative stress [21]. G6PDH is very important for Erythrocytes metabolism [21]. A deficiency could lead Individuals to nonimmune hemolytic anaemia which can be caused by, infection or exposure to certain medications or chemicals [21]. G6PDH deficiency is also linked to favism [21]. It is thought to be an X-linked recessive hereditary disease [21]. 4.1.3 Ribose-5-Phosphate Isomerase Deficiency A recent study have shown that a patient with of ribose-5-phosphate isomerise deficiency, had developed progressive leucoencephalopathy and, developmental and speech delay [21]. They did further studies using NMR and found that polyols ribitol and D-arabitol concentration was abnormal in body fluids [21, 22]. They did their studies on fibroblasts and found that the enzyme gene-sequence analysis showed a frame-shift and a missense mutation [22]. 4.1.31 Metabolic Derangement Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency would mean that the reversible reaction converting ribose-5-phosphate to ribulose-5-phosphate and vice versa will halt [22]. If there was no deficiency ribulose-5-phosphate would be converted to xylulose 5-phosphate, which will provide the substrates for transketolase and further conversion into glycolytic intermediates [22]. Studies have found that there are two mutant allele one from each parents that results in ribose-5-phosphate isomerise gene that causes the deficiency [22]. So it could be an autosomal recessive inheritance disorder [22]. The best way to do a diagnostic test for Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency would be to take a urine sample [22]. Polyols ribitol and D-arabitol would be analysed [22]. Also enzyme assay can be used to sequence the ribose-5-phosphate isomerise gene [22]. 4.1.4 Transaldolase Deficiency Some studies have been done where three unrelated families had Transaldolase deficiency [23]. One patient had aortic coarctation where the aorta narrows [23]. During the patients life they found that ammonia was rising. But neurological and intellectual development has been normal. Another patient had HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count) [23, 24]. Children with transaldolase deficiency have been diagnosed have found that the development of intellectual and neurological showed no abnormalities [23, 24]. But there is a strong link to liver cirrhosis which results from increased cell death of hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells [23, 24]. 4.1.41 Metabolic Derangement Transaldolase catalyses the reaction: Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate erythrose 4-phosphate + fructose 6-phosphate [59]. It is a reversible reaction in the pentose phosphate pathway. The deficiency lead to the accumulation of polyols derived from the pathway intermediates: erythritol, arabitol and ribitol [59]. Studies have shown that all patients were homozygous for these specific mutations, suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance [23, 24]. A simple urine test can be done to diagnose of transaldolase deficiency, mainly because there is a high concentration of arabitol and ribitol in urine. Also enzyme assay can be used to sequence the gene [23, 24]. Liver transplant would be the only option with patients that have severe liver cirrhosis [23, 24]. 4.2.0 Insulin secretion by the pancreatic ß-cell In the production of insulin glucose enters the ß-cell through a GLUT2 transporter where it is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by the enzyme glucokinase [58]. The enzyme is used as a control, where it monitors the level of glucose [58]. As blood glucose raises the rate of glucose metabolism also increases, where the cell will undergo glycolysis generating ATP [58]. This increase of ATP concentration causes K+ channels to close, making the membrane depolarised [58]. This depolarisation causes the voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels to open and Ca ions flood in, stimulating insulin secretion by exocytosis from storage granules; this is shown in Fig. 2. 4.2.1Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycaemia Hyperinsulinism has been diagnoses in all ages but it is very common in childhood [25]. Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia (PHHI) is the one of the main cause of hypoglycaemia especially in young children. Patients who are older, that develop PHHI are due to pancreatic adenoma [25]. Hypoglycaemia when there is an overproduction of insulin by the ß-cells in the pancreas [25]. Hypoglycaemia can produce a variety of symptoms the most dangerous is brain damage which can lead to death, and that is why treatment is vital [25]. PHHI has two histopathological lesions that can be easily distinguished, making PHHI a heterogeneous disorder [25]. Focal hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia (FoPHHI) is caused by loss of heterozygosity which is a somatic event [25]. This causes focal adenomatous hyperplasia, which is a pancreatic lesion [25]. They are treated with pancreatectomy, where they surgically remove part of the pancreas. Diffuse hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia (DiPHHI) is also a heterogeneous disorder, in that fact that it is unable to encode for proteins needed for insulin secretion [25]. This can also be caused autosomal recessive and dominant genes which are rare [25]. Positron emission tomography (PET) is used to distinguish between focal and diffuse PHHI [25]. This gives a 3D image or picture of functional processes in the body [25]. Once a patient is diagnosed with PHHI, they are on treatment straight away with glucose and glucagon [25]. 4.2.12Metabolic Derangement Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia is due to insulin hypersecretion by the pancreas [25]. The Action insulin causes a decrease in plasma glucose by inhibiting hepatic glucose release from glycogen and gluconeogenesis, and by increasing glucose uptake in muscle and fat [25]. PHHI is a disorder that is caused by a variety of defects, either in regulation of insulin secretion, unable to transcribe the enzymes needed of even a modified receptor [26]. For example diseases that can affect the ion channels like seizures [27, 28, 29]. Also lack of enzyme production of glucokinase (GK), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) [30, 31]. Epidemiology has found that 1/50,000 patients are born with PHHI [32, 33]. Focal hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia is strongly linked to mutation of the sulfonylurea-receptor and the K+ channels, both used to depolarise the cell [32, 33]. Both are found to be located on the chromosome 11p15 [32, 33]. To identify these mutations they would need to be tested in a foetus or embryo before it is born. Sulfonylurea-receptor gene (SUR1) will not respond to diazoxide, which is used as a K+ channels activator [34]. Studies have found that a high activity of the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) has resulted to hyperinsulism/hyperammonemia syndrome. This would make sense as GDH is needed to produce insulin and this would impair detoxification of ammonia in the liver [31]. The enzyme glucokinase (GK) is also expressed highly, where the affinity is increased for glucose, causing high levels of insulin secretion [30]. 4.2.13 Diagnostic Tests Diagnostic of HI is easy, in the fact that, it can be indicated by the levels of glucose in the blood. Treatment varies from age [35]. Hyperammonemia should be treated as another disease, when a patient has PHHI, when treating hyperinsulism/hyperammonemia syndrome. This can be done by analysis of urine organic acids and plasma acylcarnitines [36]. Patients who show the FoPHHI can have lesion ranging from 2.5 to 7.5 mm in diameter [37, 38]. People who have DiPHHI found that there was ß-cells that were abnormal [39]. Pancreatic venous catheterization (PVS) and pancreatic arteriography have proven very useful in locating the site of insulin secretion [40, 41]. PVS procedure will have to able to maintain blood glucose level, which is between 2 and 3 mmol/l. Blood sample would then be taken from the pancreas to measure 3 things 1.plasma glucose, 2.insulin and 3.C-peptide levels [40, 41]. Studies have shown that people with FoPHHI tend to have high concentration of plasma insulin and C-peptide levels in some samples and low concentration in others [40, 41]. People who have DiPHHI tend to find that all their sample have high concentration of plasma insulin and C-peptide [40, 41]. The use of [18F]-labelled fluoro-L-DOPA whole-body positron emission tomography (PET), has proved to be very useful in detecting hyperfunctional islet pancreatic tissue, where this can be used on patients with focal lesion [42]. Recent studies have shown that a new technique have been use to locate focal lesion and separate focal from diffuse forms of HI; this is the tolbutamide test [44, 45]. 4.2.14 Treatment and Prognosis Brain damage can occur if you are hypoglycaemic, so treatment needs to be quick. Glucagon would be given, where the patient would have to take 1 to 2 mg per day if blood glucose levels are unstable [35]. To treat PHHI, diazoxide would be given, usually at a dose of 15-10 mg/kg/day depending on your age [35]. Normal blood glucose levels should be between 4 and 7 mmol/l, before and after a meal [56]. This could need to be check every time once taking diazoxide [35, 56]. Octreotide treatment, can also be used as it is a hormone inhibitor [46]. But a high could lead to a more severe hypoglycaemia, as it can inhibit glucagon and growth hormone [46]. Patients will find that after treatment with octreotide, they might vomit or have diarrhoea [46]. Calcium-channel blockers could be used, such as Lercanidipine and Pranidipine [46]. These treatments that have been mentioned are very effective in controlling blood sugar [46]. If a patient is diagnosed with FoPHHI, the treatment tends to be surgical as drugs are ineffective [46]. They would undergo pancreatectomy. This procedure has its risk as the patient might develop diabetes mellitus [46]. DiPHHI patients have been found to have large nuclei in the ß-cells [35, 47]. And patients with FoPHHI showed no abnormal s-cell nuclei but did show shrunken cytoplasm [49, 50]. 4.3 Glucose Transporter Deficiency Monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose have the properties of being hydrophilic [59]. The lipid bilayer has hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, prevent polar molecule such as glucose from diffusing across the membrane [59, 60]. So transport mechanisms are needed. These are hydrophilic pores allowing polar molecules to diffuse in and out of the cell [59, 60]. There are two types of glucose transporters. 1. Sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLT), which have been found to be located in the small intestine and the proximal tubule [59, 60]. SGLT uses the difference in concentration of sodium to transport glucose [59, 60]. From high to low concentration of sodium causes the transport of glucose against its own concentration gradient [59, 60]. 2. Facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT), which has been found throughout the body, but manly in muscle and pancreas cells [59, 60]. These transporters transport glucose from high to low concentration [59, 60]. Studies have shown that there are four defects in the transport of monosaccharides [59, 60]. These defects can depend on where the transporters are located within the body and what they transport in and out of the cell [59, 60]. As already stated there are four defects. 1. SGLT2, which is found in renal tubulus cells that can cause renal glucosuria [59, 60]. 2. SGLT1, which is found in the intestine, which can cause glucose-galactose malabsorption [59, 60]. 3. GLUT2, a transporter that carries glucose to the liver kidneys and pancreas [59, 60]. 4. GLUT1 is important, in the fact that it carries glucose to the brain cell (neuron and glia cells)

Hamlet’s Self-Perception :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

Hamlet’s Self-Perception  Ã‚   The way we see ourselves is often reflected in the way we act. Hamlet views himself as different to those young nobles around him such as Fortinbras and Laertes. This reality leads us to believe that over time he has become even more motivated to revenge his father's death, and find out who his true friends are. How can you be honest in a world full of deceit and hate? His seven soliloquies tell us that while the days go by he grows more cunning as he falls deeper into his madness. This fact might have lead Hamlet to believe that suicide is what he really wants for his life's course.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The way we perceive our lives is echoed in the way we comport ourselves in everyday life. Hamlet is a man of visible education and he would rather use his mind over his fist. He is quick to look for an explanation on behalf of the actions of others. Hamlet is not a man to search out blood without a rational justification. When dealing with Laertes and Fortinbras you can vividly see the contrast between the extremes. Once Laertes finds out his father has been unjustly murdered, he swiftly swears revenge without give the situation a second thought in contrast to Hamlet who takes all factors into mind before carrying out a sentence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Laertes- How came he dead? I'll not be juggled with. To hell allegiance, vows to the blackest devil, Conscience and grace to the profoundest pit!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (IV;V;129-132) Each man deals with grief in extremely distinct manners, when looking at Laertes in comparison to Hamlet you can swiftly see their great contrast to one another. Hamlet would rather create reason before madness; he is the type to use his brain before his fist. Whereas Laertes is always caught up in his anger that he sees no means to absolve the actions of others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet- When honor is at stake. How stand I then, That have a father killed, a mother stained, Excitements of my reason and my blood, And let all sleep, while to my shame I see The imminent death of twenty thousand men   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (IV;IV;56-61)    This reality leads us to believe that over time he has become even more motivated to revenge his father's death, and find out who his true friends are.

Exxon and Mobil Essay -- essays research papers

Exxon and Mobil Exxon and Mobil were two big competitors in the oil industry. In the 20th century, Exxon and Mobil operated with relatively low-price, and in low-margin environments. The market in the United States and Europe have grown and matured, allowing them both to grow with great success. The competitiveness has tightened worldwide in the crude oil business. Both companies have continued to advance new technologies, introducing new marketing innovations. They have extend there reach into high-growth markets. The two companies became more efficient, reduced costs, and increased shareholder’s value by there merge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the merge Exxon Mobil Corporation has grown to be a national giant and major player in the US economy. Their stock in the past six years has nearly doubled from $37.50 and the beginning of the merge. Their business is one that is on the leading edge of technology from there sky-scraper sized drilling platforms to there catalysts that help to produce thousands of consumer products. They produce high performing fuels and lubricants with zero emissions. Their downstream activities are refining and supply of petroleum products. Also Exxon Mobil’s chemical is a global marketer of ole fins, aromatics, fluids, synthetic rubber, polyethylene, polypropylene, oriented polypropylene packing films, plasticizers. Over the years, the Exxon Mobil Corporation have repeatedly earned the ranking of a top-rated Fortune 500 company by flawl...

Texting Phenomena

Interpersonal communication is vital to humans and is used in everyday situations. â€Å"Interpersonal communication refers to face-to-face communication between people† (35), according to West and Turner (2007), authors of Introducing Communication Theories. West and Turner explain that exploring how relationships form, the upholding and continuation of these relationships, and the end of relationships, are the main characteristics of interpersonal context.Interpersonal communication began as face-to-face communication between two people, but as technology advanced, it expanded to include new communicative technologies such as telephone calls, email, instant messaging, chats, social media networks, and text messaging. Text messaging through cells phones, also known as texting or SMS (Short Message Service), is a form of interpersonal communication that can be represented through the Linear Model of Communication: A message is sent from a source to a receiver through a channel , which may be interrupted by some form of noise.Texts are person-to-person messages received from and sent to known individuals. Text messaging provides a one-to-one, personalized, and individuating social medium (Reid and Reid, 2007). The phenomena of text messaging, has researchers and scholars questioning whether this new communication technology adds or takes away from interpersonal communication and people’s learned communication skills. Review of Literature Texting as a New Phenomenon of Communication Everyday social arrangements and interpersonal contact are now routinely affected by mobile technology (Conti-Ramsden, Durkin, and Simkin, 2010).As opposed to 15 years ago, today’s youth have a greater variety of options to choose from when communicating with their peers. â€Å"Communication, via cell phone and the internet, are now widely available and very popular with the young† (Conti-Ramsden, Durkin, and Simkin, 2010, 197). The global cell phone market now stands at approximately 1. 8 billion subscribers, and is estimated to reach 3 billion by the end of 2010, by which time nearly half of all human beings on the planet are expected to own and use a cell phone (Reid and Reid, 2007).A recent survey of 2,000 teenagers in the United States revealed that 80% of teens, or approximately 17 million young people, have a cell phone. 96% of those teens use the texting function, and of that 96%, 1 out of 10 teens say that they text for 45 minutes a day (Conti-Ramsden, Durkin, and Simkin, 2010). Over 900 billion messages were sent in 2005, with expectations that this will rise to more than two trillion messages in 2010 (Deumert and Masinyana, 2008). Text messaging has become a common means of keeping in constant touch with peers, especially among young people all over the world.The phenomenon of texting is continuing to increase, raising substantial awareness of the â€Å"new† texting language. Researchers are proposing to treat electro nic communication as a distinct mode of intermediate communication, in between the oral and the written medium (Fandrych, 2007). According to Ingrid Fandrych (2007), author of Electronic Communication and Technical Terminology, â€Å"Online conversation takes place on the written level, while using specific stylistic conventions which are very similar to oral communication, especially abbreviations of frequently used phrases and emoticons to replace facial expressions† (148).Fandrych (2007) claims that acronyms, blends, and clippings are responsible for the characteristic style of Internet English, and that offline usage is increasingly influenced by Internet usage (148). Some new and creative word formations have even found their way into everyday usage including the acronyms â€Å"btw† (by the way) and â€Å"ttyl† (talk to you later), as well as the blending of certain words like â€Å"all right† into â€Å"alright. † Fandrych (2007) predicts som e changes in general (â€Å"off-line†) English due to texting language as well (151).People â€Å"talk† via text messages: using the keyboard, they make use of abbreviations, they omit non-content words, and they do not capitalize. Fandrych (2007) explains that: Electronic interlocutors replace contextual cues which would have been present in face-to-face communication with abbreviations and emoticons, which are, of course, consciously employed and sometimes intended to entertain, a feature which internet English shares with other jargons and in-group registers (151).Electronic communication, as a medium, shares characteristics with the written language and the oral language. Letters and symbols are used through typing which are displayed on a screen, but at the same time, it is very informal and conversational which replaces the linguistic context with special cues that do not exist in the traditional written mode (Fandrych, 2007, 151). Text language is neither identi cal to speech nor writing, but adaptively features characteristics of both.Fandrych (2007) titles this electronic communication language as â€Å"Netspeak,† and categorizes it as a fourth medium alongside written, spoken, and sign language (152). Communication through text is informal and characterized by new elements. Fandrych (2007) concludes that the electronic medium can be considered to constitute a separate level, between the spoken and the written modes and overlapping, to some extent, with both of them (152).The new texting phenomenon not only creates a new form of language between oral and written mediums, but it also develops a globalized texting standard. English language texts produced by bilingual speakers share many of the features which have been reported for English SMS communication internationally, and provide evidence for what one might call a global English SMS standard (Deumert and Masinyana, 2008). English messages are strongly represented in all communi cative functions of text messaging by bilingual individuals.Deumert and Masinyana (2008), co-authors of, The use of English and isiXhosa in text messages (SMS), study how English is combined with isiXhosa, one of the official languages of South Africa, in text messages between native South Africans. Deumert and Masinyana state that â€Å"The historical and continuing dominance of English on the world-wide-web has supported the popular belief that the language of electronic communication in general is English, and in some cases, English can replace a user’s first language in this medium† (123).In studies focusing on bilingual texting, most messages were written in English combined with the local language. Researchers concluded that there is the existence of a global English SMS norm because of brevity and speed, paralinguistic restrictions with the medium and local language, and the restriction of texting characters (Deumert and Masinyana, 2008). The phenomenon of texti ng has transformed individual’s lives by creating the possibility of being in constant communication at all times, as well as creating a tendency towards cross-cultural homogeny.Texting as a Negative Form of Communication Although texting provides the opportunity for constant and immediate contact with others, it tends to have a displacing effect on face-to-face communication. Similar to face-to-face communication, texting allows for conversational turn-taking, but excludes intonations, emotions, and the ability to send long messages. Llana Gershon (2008), author of, Email my Heart: Remediation and Romantic Break-Ups, performed a study looking at how Americans are experiencing and using new technologies to end relationships.Gershon (2008) discusses, through the use of American college student’s break-up narratives, the ways in which certain social media create new possibilities for disconnecting with others (15). Although a break-up may be happening, an individual has the opportunity through text messaging to hold separate or multiple conversations simultaneously with the break-up. This takes away from the personal aspect of intimate relationships and tends to enforce the displacement of face-to-face communication.Teens especially use instant messaging and texting in particular as substitutes for face-to-face communication with people from their physical lives, therefore, feeling less psychologically close to their instant messaging and texting partners (Subrahmanyam and Greenfield, 2008). This may also damage the emotional quality of a relationship. Online interactions lack important features of face-to-face communication, such as gestures, eye contact, and body language, making them less rich than offline interactions (Subrahmanyam and Greenfield, 2008).Although texting is still communication, social anxiety and anti-social behaviors can be an effect of the lack face-to-face communication with teens today. â€Å"Reports in the press and survey s from parents find points of view that range from exuberant, discussing how socially-interactive technologies can save youth from social isolation and depression, to alarming, focusing on how constant use of these technologies fosters anti-social behavior† (Bryant, Sanders-Jackson, and Smallwood, 2006, 557).The reality is that texting and other forms of social technology lie between these two extremes. A recent survey revealed that cell phone owners declaring a generalized preference for texting on their cell phones were both lonelier and more anxious than those who preferred talking (Reid and Reid, 2007). People who have social anxiety will not come to terms with their fears without experiencing face-to-face communication and, as an effect, use texting as a divergent, to kill time or avoid some other activity.Texting allows users to disengage from the demands of immediate interactive involvement, releasing time and attentional resources to compose and edit messages (Reid and Reid, 2007). Although texting may be an outlet and a preferred mode of communication for people with anxiety problems, it also may give others a false sense of the persons’ real personality. Along with peers, there is a growing concern that adolescents’ extensive use of electronic communication to interact with their peers may impair their relations with their parents, siblings, and other family members (Subrahmanyam and Greenfield, 2008).Subrahmanyam and Greenfield (2008) show how peer relationships are being enhanced at the expense of family relationships in an example role of technology in modern family life: When the working spouse, usually the father, came through the door at the end of the day, the other spouse and children were often so absorbed in what they were doing that they greeted him only about one-third of the time, usually with an obligatory â€Å"hi. † About half the time, children ignored him and continued multitasking and monitoring their var ious electronic gadgets (135).Parents are having a much harder time breaking into their children’s world because of the distance and privacy established through text messaging. Teens are using cell phones to institute generational boundaries, such as screening calls from parents into voicemail, as well as undermining family rituals, such as mealtimes and vacations (Subrahmanyam and Greenfield, 2008). Cell phones give adolescents the power to control the people with whom they talk and have more room into which they can share thoughts freely and privately from their family members.The landmarks of the electronic transformation stage include greater teen autonomy, the decline of face-to-face communication, enhancement of peer group relations at the possible expense of family relations, and greater teen choice (Subrahmanyam and Greenfield, 2008). According to Raymond Williams (1997), author of Mobile Privatization, new technologies only serve to further aggravate the modern human condition of â€Å"mobile privatized social relations† (129). This seems to be a concern that is provoked further by new mobile communication technologies with people talking of â€Å"detached presence† (Lin and Tong, 2007). Adolescent’s constant use of mobile communication can be seen as a symptom of a general loss of human connectivity in the modern condition† (Lin and Tong, 2007, 305). Texting as a Positive Form of Communication Although many studies have shown the negative effects of text messaging, other research has shown that this new form of communication has positive aspects as well. Text messaging is a form of communication that has many uses: coordinating plans, multi-tasking, friendship maintenance, information, and romantic relationships. Text messages are convenient, immediate, less disturbing, and have no constraints.Since there are so many communicative functions, text messaging has become a common means of keeping in constant touch, espec ially among young people in many parts of the world today (Lin and Tong, 2007). Today’s youth use text messaging especially to keep in touch and maintain either close or distant relationships. Recent research studies have explored how text messaging can offer a sense of intimacy between friends as well as between strangers. This is especially appealing to youth because they can be bonded to all of their social networks through one device. The virtual presence (or ‘absent presence’) of ‘persons elsewhere’ through mobile communication facilitates networking, deeper relationships, or simply increased contact. People who are physically far away can be brought into immediate cyber presence† (Lin and Tong, 2007, 305). Mobile texting allows people to be in constant social contact, which therefore gives them a sense of co-presence at all times. Lin and Tong (2007) explain that text messaging has created new kinds of modalities for co-presence and commu nication, which contributes to a sense of virtual intimacy (305).Text messages, rather than standard telephone calls, allow for total individual communication; there is no chance of anyone overhearing the conversation and thus supports a sense of security and privacy. It is appealing because the text is expected to reach a specific person directly, no matter where they are or the time of day. This form of communication is very popular between adolescents and their peers because they feel as if they can communicate privately, not under the supervision of their parents.Teens travel between their homes, school and nearby places that are all under a high degree of regulation by adults. â€Å"Mobile text messaging has thus fulfilled an important function which provides a sense of co-presence for young people who lack the means to share some private physical space free from adults’ surveillance† (Lin and Tong, 2007, 306). Because this form of communication is relatively free from adult supervision, teens often use texting to maintain romantic relationships as well as friendships.A study found that texting is used to negotiate â€Å"gender relations,† especially among couples (Lin and Tong, 2007). For instance, after a fight, couples may not want to directly speak to each other or hear one’s voice, but texting avoids the embarrassment of making romantic advances or even when saying ‘no’ to these advances. The informants of the study also expressed the fact that some messages are highly private and very meaningful, which can be saved and stored in the mobile device.Since the conversation remains private, even in public location ns, individuals tend to reveal more about their emotional selves through texts. Thus, youth text messaging end on an optimistic note about the positive uses of SMS by young people for gaining freedom from surveillance by adults and for negotiating subtle gender relations (Lin and Tong, 2007). Relationshi ps can actually be strengthened through text messaging because of its convenience, intimacy, and privacy among users. Another strength of text messaging is that it allows people to keep in touch with friends who are separated by physical boundaries.Although other forms of communication such as telephone, email, and written letters allow people separated by distance to keep in touch as well, texting allows both sender and receiver to keep in contact at both of their conveniences. The message is sent and received immediately regardless if the other person is â€Å"online. † It allows for multi-tasking while holding other conversations or tasks, and also is less disturbing, by far, than other forms of communication such as phone calls or face-to-face communication.While people may interact frequently in person with people who are in their lives every day, it may not be possible to meet other friends, family, or acquaintances face-to-face on a regular basis. To fill in-person com munication gaps, people used text messaging to stay connected and make plans to meet when convenient (Quan-Haase, 2007). Text messaging is a more suitable fit to maintaining distance relationships as opposed to other forms of communication.Aside from convenience, some people actually prefer text messaging because it gives them a chance to think about what they want to say, which is not always possible during face-to-face communication. â€Å"Text messaging gives people time to think about the wording of their messages, allowing them to be more informal and candid, even with close friends† (Reid and Reid, 2007, 425). Some people, due to SMS and other forms of text based communication, even develop an entirely separate, â€Å"brave SMS self,† which contrasts with their more reserved real-life personality (Reid and Reid, 2007).Text messaging can be used as an outlet to help expand communication and closeness with peers. For instance, in an essay that discusses the relatio nship between texting and social anxiety, Donna Reid and Fraser Reid (2007) write: By delaying or eliminating the audience reactions that normally accompany real-time spoken interaction, SMS may offer anxious individuals a way of making social contact without fear of immediate disapproval or rejection, allowing attention to be refocused away from the observer’s perspective and towards the composition of messages that more effectively achieve self-presentational goals (425).Interactive media, such as texting, allow people to individuate themselves, communicate with peers, and accomplish stages of intimate contact that they could not achieve in other interactional settings. Research Questions Texting helps maintain social relationships in modern society, and affords resources to achieve a sense of co-presence and intimacy with both existing friends and new acquaintances, while avoiding having to deal with face-to-face interaction or the intrusive disturbance of a phone call (Li n and Tong, 2007).Although texting may be a convenient source of communication that is direct, individualized, and private, it also may be taking away from the importance of face-to-face, interpersonal communication. If people are relying on a text based communication exchange, they are not experiencing or learning interactional conversations involving tonal inflection, reactions, and especially body language. Nonverbal communication is a big part of interpersonal communication because it shows the reaction of the individual after receiving the message, therefore giving the sender a form of feedback that strengthens the communication process.As technology continues to advance, there is rising concern that social, interactional, and communication skills of today’s youth and future generations will consequently decline. As a result, this study will address the following questions: RQ1: Is texting taking away from or adding to interpersonal communication and individual’s learned communication skills? RQ2: Will texting affect how children and adolescents communicate with one another? RQ3: Do people rely on texting to fulfill their emotional, psychological, and other forms of needs as opposed to other types of communicative technology or face-to-face communication?